AKARI and the subsequent Herschel Space Observatory have yielded tremendous advancement in our knowledge of the infrared-submillimeter properties of active galaxies and active galactic nuclei, AGN. This short review describes some highlights. Active galaxies are found to do what they are supposed to do: build up their stellar bodies while building up their central black holes.

It was an honor to give my speech to the American public about the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy as one member of the Jeju 4.3 delegation. On March 27, 2015 I supported the “Petition for a Joint South Korea and United States Jeju 4.3 Incident Task Force on Social Healing through Justice.” On August 15, 2016, I was happy to write the foreword “Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy becomes Human Spirit in the Asia Pacific,” for the new book about Jeju 4.3 titled, “Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy during ‘peacetime’ Korea : The Asia Pacific Context (1947-2016). On September 8, 2016, we proceeded with “Authentic 4.3 Jeju Tragedy Reconciliation as a symbol of Peace in Asia” at the Jeju 4.3 Tragedy Reconciliation Conference 2016 in Washington D.C.

This study investigated the differences between gender for effectiveness of career competencies training and integrative life planning on career aspirations, self-identity and congruity between the real and ideal self of adolescents in Lokoja, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 227 adolescents who scored low on Ego-identity scales and were found exhibiting low self-identity, which affected their career aspirations. They were made up of 114 males and 113 females. Quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test and control group design was used with the sample, which was randomly assigned to three groups. Career Competencies Training (CCT), Integrative Life Planning (ILP) and the control. A Self-Identity Questionnaire (SIQ), Congruity Questionnaire (CQ) and Career Aspiration Questionnaire (CAQ) were administered to the three groups before and after the experimental programmes. CCT and ILP groups were the training groups while the control was the waiting group. The statistical tools used were Means, Standard Deviation and ANCOVA. A null hypothesis was formulated to guide the study and was tested at 0.05 level of significance. There is no significant difference in the post-test scores on the self-identity, career aspiration, and congruity of real and ideal self of adolescents exposed to career competencies training, integrative life planning and the control group due to gender. The use of both training is therefore recommended. Parents should be encouraged to take cognizance of the congruity between the real self and the ideal self of their adolescents so that they can be properly guided on their career aspirations.

This paper contributes to a better understanding of how Australian universities assess undergraduate consumer behaviour students. The study was based on content analysis of course outlines located within the websites of 39 Australian universities. Findings have implications for educators and practitioners.

The organizational learning concept is used to develop the skill base of employees and create knowledge that can be used to improve the capability of an organization. The objective of this paper is to explain how the process of organizational learning, which is underpinned and reinforced by a specific organizational value system, produces interactive communication that incorporates information sharing, teamwork, individual learning and fosters the development of knowledge which ultimately results in the implementation of a marketing strategy. The research question we pose is: How can marketing managers use the organizational learning concept to improve the organization’s marketing performance? A qualitative research strategy, incorporating an open ended, structured questionnaire was used to obtain insights into how organizational learning supports the development of knowledge and the implementation of marketing strategy in three Korean companies in three separate industries. The research findings indicate that managers in the participating Korean companies embrace the strategic marketing concept, implement knowledge based marketing decisions, are committed to sharing information and are keen to adopt innovatory processes that result in change. In addition, they utilize the organizational learning concept to enhance the capability of the organization, ensure that individual learning is placed in the context of institutional learning, develop and implement innovative marketing strategies, and reinforce the strategic marketing planning process through interactive communication in order to achieve value creation.

Research on country-of-origin (COO) effects, or the impact that stereotyped perceptions about nations have on product evaluations and purchase intentions (Nebenzahl, Jaffe, and Lampert 1997), has been heralded as one of the most widely researched topics in international marketing. Whereas the vast majority of studies focused on the general image of a country that triggers the COO effect (Roth and Diamantopoulos 2009; Usunier and Cestre 2007), in light of recent criticisms (e.g., Samiee 2010; 2011; Usunier 2006; 2011), latest literature takes on a narrower perspective by arguing that a company can primarily benefit from the COO effect if consumers believe that the country is a prototypical origin of products in that category (e.g., Switzerland for watches, France for fashion, Germany for engineering). This concept is also referred to as product ethnicity, or the extent of product-country matches (Roth and Romeo 1992; Tseng and Balabanis 2011; Usunier and Cestre 2007). Apart from country characteristics, recent research suggests to consider consumer characteristics at the same time (Josiassen 2011; Riefler, Diamantopoulos, and Siguaw 2012). Indeed, some scholars even argue that COO only matters for certain consumer segments such as ethnocentric consumers (Samiee 2010; 2011). For ethnocentric consumers, knowing the origin of the products they purchase is important because not buying domestic is considered as inappropriate because it causes harm to the domestic economy (Shimp and Sharma 1987). This research aims to clarify how product ethnicity as a form of typicality influences and interacts with consumer ethnocentrism on preferences for domestic products. A controlled experiment with data drawn from a representative US household panel indicates that COO does matter, but, as expected, is contingent on both product typicality and consumer ethnocentrism. Based on realistic choices among several rental car options with varying degrees of typicality, we find that product typicality moderates the impact of consumer ethnocentrism on preferences towards domestic such that domestic country bias will be particularly strong when foreign products have a higher typicality. Furthermore, consumers prefer foreign products with a high typicality over foreign products with a low typicality if they are not ethnocentric. While such behaviour is rational, consumer ethnocentrism eventually neutralizes and even reverses the influence of foreign typicality on consumers’ preferences in that highly ethnocentric consumers rather choose foreign products of lower typicality than foreign products of higher typicality. The main contribution of our paper is three-fold. On the theoretical front, our paper extends research on home country bias and product ethnicity by offering insights related to the boundary conditions of COO effects, in light of special consumer segments such as ethnocentric consumers. On the methodological front, we offer an innovative way of analyzing COO effects that can overcome many criticisms raised on extant COO research. We thus offer a solution to Samiee’s (2009) call for more research using ecologically appropriate designs when analyzing COO effects. Finally, our paper has clear managerial implications. More concretely, our findings imply that also firms originating from countries with a favorable origin have to be careful when actively marketing their origin abroad, as they might be rejected by certain consumer segments.

이 논문은 『비전』이 창조과정에 대해서 드러내는 것이 무엇인지 찾기 위해서 『비전』의 신비주의적 요소들 초월하려고 한다. 『비전』은 예이츠의 신비주의에 대한 관심과 인간의식의 가장자리 넘어 존재하는 것에 대한 세속적 설명(이를테면, 프로이드의 무의식) 사이에 끼인, 중요한 시기에 나타난다. 예이츠의 "안내자"가 말하는, "시를 위한 메타포"를 제공하는 것 이상으로 『비전』은 시적 영감이 생성하는 과정에 대한 통찰을 보여준다.

More than a century before Grotius wrote his famous work on international law, his countryman Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam laid the foundations for the modern critique of war. In several writings, especially those published in the period 1515- 1517, the “prince of humanists”brilliantly and devastatingly condemned war not only on Christian but also on secular/rational grounds. His graphic depiction of the miseries of war, together with his impassionate plea for its avoidance, remains unparalleled. Erasmus argued as a moralist and educator rather than as a political theorist or statesman. If any single individual in the modern world can be credited with“ the invention of peace,”the honour belongs to Erasmus rather than Kant whose essay on perpetual peace was published nearly three centuries later.

Recognition and discrimination ability of organisms is assumed in numerous biological and ecological contexts. Recognition systems research has originally focused on intraspecific interactions and social recognition but is similarly applicable to interspecific interactions and recognition of environmental features. Common features of recognition systems are at least two participants, called cue bearer (sender) and evaluator (recipient), and three components, expression, perception, and action (Sherman et al. 1997, Liebert & Starks 2004, Mateo 2004, Starks 2004). The recognition systems concept provides a unified framework for studying and understanding recognition processes across biological and ecological contexts. In general, recognition may be indirect, mediated by third organisms or environmental features of the cue-bearer, and direct. I here focus on the latter type of recognition and emphasize how direct recognition processes govern intraand inter-specific interactions within and between plant-inhabiting arthropod species and the plant they inhabit. All species dealt with have relevance in agriculture as either herbivorous pests or natural enemies. Each studied system represents a subset of a multi-trophic community that may occur in natural settings and may be artificially created in greenhouse crops in the course of biological control (Figure 1). The interacting organisms in this community are the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus, their prey, the herbivorous two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, the host plant of the herbivores, common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, and a below-ground symbiont of bean, the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae. Highlighted topics include mycorrhiza-induced host plant quality recognition by T. urticae (Hoffmann et al. 2008), recognition of and preference towards T. urticae life stages by P. persimilis (Blackwood et al. 2001, 2007), predator recognition and within plant dispersion of T. urticae (Walzer et al. 2008), predator recognition by F. occidentalis and trait-mediated predator effects (Walzer & Schausberger 2008), early learning and recognition of F. occidentalis by N. californicus (Schausberger et al., 2008), intraguild predator recognition with emphasis on P. persimilis and N. californicus (Schausberger & Croft 2000ab, Schausberger & Walzer 2001, Walzer & Schausberger 1999, Walzer et al. 2006), and kin recognition and cannibalism by P. persimilis (Schausberger & Croft 2001; Schausberger 2005, 2007; Schausberger & Hoffmann 2008). The organizational level worked with in the aforementioned studies primarily was the individual level but also included populations and communities; the experimental scale ranged from artificial cages, to detached leaf cultures and whole plants. For each recognition system and ecological context I emphasize the adaptive significance of recognition and indicate, if applicable, the potential population consequences of a given recognition process. In conclusion, I argue that recognition systems are ubiquitous in the studied multi-trophic community and point at the relevance of recognition systems research to biological control.

나리는빠르게 발전하고있는화훼작물이다. 구근화 훼류 및 화훼작물로 네덜란드뿐 만 아니라 전세계에서 관심을 끌고 있다. 또한 전세계의 육종분야에서도관심 의대상이 되는 작물이다. 네덜란드는나리육종과구근 생산에관한한매우중요한나라이다. 화란에서나리산 업을 세계화하기 위한 여러가지 측면, 즉, 1) 구근생산, 2) 절화생산, 3) 육종활동및 4) 식물육종가권리를중심 으로알아보고자한다.

It is argued that the key task in understanding magnetic fields in the cosmos is to comprehend the origin of their order or coherence over large length scales in galaxies. Obtaining magnetic fields can be done in stars, whose lifetime is usually 1010 rotations, while galactic disks have approximately 20 to 50 rotations in their lifetime since the last major merger, which established the present day gaseous disk. Disorder in the galactic magnetic fields is injected on the disk time scale of about 30 million years, about a tenth of the rotation period, so after one half rotation already it should become completely disordered. Therefore whatever mechanism Nature is using, it must compete with such a short time scale, to keep order in its house. This is the focal quest.