Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FMB1), ochratoxin A, T2 toxin, and zearalenone, are found in numerous vegetables. Mycotoxin accumulation in food and feed poses serious health risks to humans and animals because of carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and toxic properties. In addition, mycotoxins cause large economic losses in commercial crop production, food and feed processing, and animal husbandry worldwide. In this study, an analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of the levels of AFB1, DON, and FMB1 in cow blood with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. AOZTM and Myco6in1TM multitoxin immunoaffinity columns and an OasisTM reversed-phase solid-phase extraction Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balanced columns were used to purify and concentrate the blood samples. Extracts that contained AFB1, DON, and FMB1 had average recovery of 64.0%, 98.0%, and 89.9%, respectively. In conclusion, we used LC-MS/MS to detect several important toxicological mycotoxins in cow blood. The multimycotoxin method, which detected and quantified the levels of AFB1, DON, and FMB1 can be used in animal pilot studies to monitor simultaneous exposure to major mycotoxins.

We present observational results characterizing molecular out ows from very low-mass objects in ρ Ophiuchi and Taurus. Our results provide us with important implications that clarify the formation process of very low-mass objects.

국내 육성 프리지아(Freesia)가 농가에 보급되고 시간이 지나면서 바이러스에 감염되거나 품질이 저하되는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 고품질을 유지하기 위해서는 생장점 배양을 통해 무병종구를 만들고 기내에서 급속 대량증식하여 농가에 보급하는 일이 시급하다. 본 연구에서는국내에서 육성된 프리지아 ‘Shiny Gold’와 ‘Gold Rich’의자구를 이용하여 효과적인 급속 대량증식 기술을 찾고자실험을 수행하였다. 배지는 MS기본배지에 호르몬을 첨가하지 않은 배지와 5.0mg•L−1 NAA+5.0mg•L−1 Kinetin를 넣은 호르몬배지 2종류를 이용하였다. 치상방법은 자구를 횡으로 절단한 절편체를 정상으로 치상(정상치상)한경우와 위아래를 거꾸로 치상(역위치상)하는 2가지 방법을 이용하였다. 치상한 절편체는 23oC의 암배양실에서 5주간 배양한 후, 광도 60µmol•m−2s−1 (16/8, 주/야)의 광환경으로 옮겨 주었다. 치상 10주째에 두 품종 모두 역위치상하였을 때, 정상치상에 비해 부정아 발생이 2~6배 정도 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 호르몬 유무에 상관없이 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 역위치상하고 19주 후 ‘ShinyGold’의 신초수는 기본배지에서 절편체당 42.7개로 정상치상에 비해 약 2.5배 증가되었고, 호르몬 첨가배지에서는 17.7개로 정상치상에 비해 약 7.1배 증가되었다. ‘GoldRich’를 역위치상 하였을 때, 기본배지에서는 신초수가 절편체당 55.4개로 대조구에 비해 약 1.7배 증가되었고, 호르몬 첨가배지에서는 61.0개로 대조구에 비해 약 2.4배증가되었다. 결론적으로 프리지아 자구를 기내에서 급속대량증식 하고자 할 때, 호르몬 유무와 상관없이 자구를횡으로 절단하여 역위치상 하는 방법이 효율적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study was designed to know the possibility in repeat uses of elite donor cows for getting mass production of OPU-derived embryo production (OPU-IVP). Ultrasound transvaginal ovum pick-up (OPU) performed in 6 Korean native cows was aged 4 to 10 years old. The aspiration of immature oocytes for OPU derived embryo was carried out 2 times per week, and OPU-IVP of 1st period was carried out 22∼48 sessions from each donors. And the break time for OPU-IVP of 2nd period after 1st OPU from each donors were 2∼25 months. The OPU-IVP of 2nd period each donors conducted total 15∼65 times for 2∼8 months by an ultrasonographic, was guided follicular aspiration system. The average numbers of collected oocytes, grade 1 + grade 2(G1+G2) oocytes and cleavage embryo from 1st period OPU-IVP were significantly differences between donors (p<0.05). Total collected oocytes of donor D were significantly higher compared with donors of A, B, C, E and F (average 17.0 per session vs. 11.2, 10.1, 8.5, 10.2 and 9.6; p<0.05) and also oocytes of G1+G2 were significantly higher compared with r A and D and subsequently to donors of B, C, E and F (average 7.9 and 8.5 per session vs. 5.0, 2.7, 6.0 and 1.6; p<0.05). Cleavage rate of donor D was significantly higher compared with donors of A, B, C, E and F (average 13.1 per session vs. 10.1, 9.1, 6.9, 8.9 and 6.7; p<0.05). The average numbers of OPU-IVP for 1st period was significantly higher from donors of B, D and E than those from donors of A, C and F (average 6.5, 7.1 and 6.5 per session vs. 3.5, 4.2 and 2.8; p<0.05). The possibility investigation of 2nd OPU-IVP was carried out after 2∼25 months rest periods from 1st period OPU session. Total average numbers of collected oocytes, cleavages and blastocyst development rates were significantly higher from 1st period OPU compared with 2nd period one (p<0.05). The OPU-IVP efficiency by break for more embryo production from elite cow was analysis comparing without rest of donor A, under 6 months rest period as B and over 6 months rest period as C and then the average numbers of collected oocytes, cleavages and blastocysts were significantly higher from A group (11.8, 9.5 and 5.2 per session) than those from B and C groups (7.9, 6.2 and 2.6 vs. 9.2, 7.5 and 3.9, p<0.05), and also C group was significantly higher than B group. In conclusion, 1st period OPU-IVP was more efficient compared with 2nd period repeated uses of donor, and the break times for additional production of embryo on donor were needed more than over 6 months after 1st period OPU-IVP. This repeating uses of elite donor cows given more emphasis for getting the opportunity on mass production of elite cow OPU-IVP embryo should be increased G1+G2 possibility of genetic improvement of livestock within short period.

The purpose of this research is to enhance sustainable outcomes as well as to understand the Chinese consumers’ needs by focusing on transformable design. In this study, mass customization and co-design were discussed. One-on-one interviews and online surveys were employed to capture both fashion experts’ and consumers’ opinions toward transformable design through customization.

Mass customization refers to a strategy whereby online retailers provide individually tailored products and services to their customers and has been implemented by many retailers with the Internet technology. Many luxury brands such as Bottega Venetta, Louis Vuitton, and Salvatore Ferragamo, provide customization programs to better serve their customers, from engraving their initials on a product to creating a new design of a product. However, the expansion of the customization program to the luxury brands raises potential risk, such as loosening the brand identity and inability to satisfy customers. Despite high interests in mass customization programs and popularity of luxury brands, the effect of mass customization in luxury brands has not been explored. Addressing this gap in the literature, this study attempts to investigate how customized products of luxury brands influence perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty. In addition, this study explores how consumers’ past loyalty toward a luxury brand influences perceived value of the customization. Hypotheses of the study were (1) Perceived value of a mass-customized product has a positive influence on satisfaction with product customization; (2) Satisfaction with product customization has a positive influence on brand loyalty; (3) The influences of perceived value of a mass-customized product on satisfaction and brand loyalty are different as a function of a customer’s past loyalty; (4) The influences of perceived value of a mass-customized product on satisfaction and brand loyalty are different as a function of a customer’s need for uniqueness. The research strategy of this study was survey methodology and the sample of the study was online shopping consumers. Online questionnaires were collected by an online survey firm. After visiting ‘BURBERRY BESPOKE’, a mass-customization program of a luxury brand, survey participants were asked to answer the questionnaire. The instrument tapped perceived value of a mass-customized product, satisfaction with product customization, past/future brand loyalty, and need for uniqueness. A total of 304 female online shoppers participated in the survey. The result of structural equation modeling found the positive effects of hedonic value and utilitarian value on satisfaction with product customization and the positive effect of the satisfaction on brand loyalty. The result of multiple group comparison analyses revealed the moderating roles of past loyalty and need for uniqueness in influencing the effects of perceived value of a mass-customized product on satisfaction. These findings of the study contribute to the literature in luxury brand retailing fields and suggested managerial implications to luxury brand retailers.

The aim of this study is to understand how companies radically change their approach to marketing after the introduction of a process innovation. Thanks to multiple case studies in Arezzo gold luxury district, it is possible to build a conceptual framework subsequently tested through System Dynamics simulation technique.

Developing two process models to simulate wastewater treatment process is needed to draw a comparison between measured BOD data and estimated process model data: a mathematical model based on the process mass-balance and an ANN (artificial neural network) model. Those two types of simulator can fit well in terms of effluent BOD data, which models are formulated based on the distinctive five parameters: influent flow rate, effluent flow rate, influent BOD concentration, biomass concentration, and returned sludge percentage. The structuralized mass-balance model and ANN modeI with seasonal periods can estimate data set more precisely, and changing optimization algorithm for the penalty could be a useful option to tune up the process behavior estimations. An complex model such as ANN model coupled with mass-balance equation will be required to simulate process dynamics more accurately.

This study investigated the effects of the light conditions on the productivity of scenedesmus dimorphus in the continuous mass cultivation system. To compare the algal productivity according to the light conditions, S. dimorphus was cultivated continuously under the wide range of light intensity(200-600 PPFD) and various light wavelength(white light and red-blue mixed light). After 100 days of cultivation under the different light intensity, the productivity of S. dimorphus increased as light intensity decreased. So, the productivity was maximized as 100 mg/L/d when light intensity was 200 PPFD. In case of light wavelength, the productivity of S. dimorphus was enhanced about 20% with the white light compared to that of the red-blue mixed light. Consequently, the optimal light conditions for the continuous mass cultivation of S. dimorphus were 200 PPFD as light intensity and white light as light wavelength.

버섯 세균갈성색무늬병원균인 Pseudomonas tolaasii에 대한 길항미생물로 보고된 Pseudomonas azotoformans HC5 균주의 배양적 특성과 대량 배양을 위한 최적배양조건을 설정하였다. HC5 균주의 생육온도는 10~20oC, pH는 6.0~9.0의 범위에서 왕성한 생육을 보였다. 대량배양을 위한 효율적인 영양원 선발을 위하여 기본배지에 탄소원 fructose 등 18종, 무기질소원 NH4Cl 등 6종, 유기질소원 peptone 등 6종 그리고 아미노산 asparagine 등 11종을 각각 1%씩 첨가하였고, 무기염류 13종을 1 mM 농도로 첨가하여 각각에 대한 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 또한 선발된 각각의 영양성분들에 대한 최적 농도를 조사하기 위하여 각각의 성분을 최소 0.1%에서 최대 4.0%까지 배지에 첨가하여 배양 후 생육정도를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 대량배양을 위한 생육최적조건은 온도 15oC, pH 6, 탄소원 0.6% adonitol, 유기질소원 1.5% yeast extract, 무기질소원 0.8% NH4H2PO4,아미노산 0.2% asparagine 그리고 무기염류는 5 mM MgSO4에서 왕성한 생육을 보였다.

대반하[大半夏: Pinellia tripartita(Blume) Schott]는 천남성과에 속하는 초본성 식물로써, 중요 한약재인 반하[半夏: Pinellia ternata(Thunb.) Makino]의 국내 자생 동속 종으로 활용가치가 높은 식물이나 반하에 비해 생리학 및 유전학 등 관련 연구가 거의 진행되지 않았다. 본 연구는 대반하의 소괴경 형성 및 분화에 적합한 최적 배지와 식물생장조절물질의 농도를 규명하고, 유전적인 안전성 및 토양환경 순화조건을 검증하여 향후 반하의 대체 약재로 활용시 이용가능한 배양묘 대량생산조건을 확립하기 위하여 수행되었다. 자생지에서 채집한 대반하는 소독 후 MS 기본배지에서 배양하여 기내식물체를 확보하였고, 소괴경 분화와 비대 최적배지 규명을 위해서 10종류의 다양한 식물배지에서 6주간 배양 한 결과, Nitsch & Nitsch(NN) 배지에서 가장 효과적이었다. 기내 배양 시 발생한 캘러스를 이용하여 식물체 최적 재분화 조건을 규명하기 위하여, 명/암 반응과 BA 호르몬의 다양한 농도별(0.5ppm-3.0ppm) 처리를 통해서 4주 동안 배양한 결과, 명상태에서 BA 1.0 ppm이 첨가된 배지에서 가장 효과가 높았다. 최적 기내배양 및 재분화 개체는 2주 후 토양으로 이식하여 환경적응을 유도한 후 배양묘 대량 생산조건을 설정하였다. 기내배양 및 재분화를 통해 생산된 배양묘의 유전적 안전성을 검증하기 위해서 각 증식 단계별 식물조직 및 캘러스 시료의 RAPD genomic profile을 분석한 결과, 원 식물체와 각 단계별 개체의 유전적 안전성이 증명되었다.

The orbital period changes of theWUMa eclipsing binary AU Ser are studied using the (O−C) method. We conclude that the period variation is due to mass transfer from the primary star to the secondary one at a very low and decreasing rate dP/dt = −8.872× 10−8, superimposed on the sinusoidal variation due to a third body orbiting the binary with period 42.87 ± 3.16 years, orbital eccentricity e = 0.52±0.12 and a longitude of periastron passage ! = 133◦.7±15. On studying the magnetic activity, we have concluded that the Applegate mechanism failed to describe the cycling variation of the (O − C) diagram of AU Ser.