베트남 북부 네안성 뀌홉지역에서 희토류 원소의 광화작용과 관련된 이상대 확인을 위해 토양 지구화학탐사를 수행하였다. 시료채취 간격은 가로 250 m 13 line (총 4.2 km), 세로 300 m 25 line (총 7.5 km)으로 총 325개의 시료가 채취되었다. 또한, 토양지구화학탐사 결과를 바탕으로 총 희토류 (Total rare-earth oxides, TREO) 함량이 높은 8개 격자점을 대상으로 피트탐사를 수행하여 73개의 토양시료를 채취하였다. 조사지역은 반찌응(Ban Chieng) 흑운모 화강암 복합체가 편암, 편마암, 석회암으로 구성된 부캉(Bu Kang)층을 관입하고 있다. 본 지역의 주요 광화작용은 주석, 루비, 그리고 화강암 복합체의 주변부 변질대에 분포하고 있는 것으로 사료되는 함희토류 모나자이트(Monazite)와 제노타임(Xenotime)의 산출이 특징적이다. 채취한 토양시료의 ICP-MS 분석 결과, 총 희토류 평균 함량은 지각의 총 희토류 함량(248 ppm)보다 평균 약 1.4배 높게 나타났다. 한편, 경희토류의 평균 함량은 44.6 ppm으로서 지각 평균(200 ppm)보다 결핍되어 있고, 중희토류는 평균 함량(44 ppm)이 지각평균(26 ppm)의 약 1.5배 부화되어있다. 피트탐사에서 채취한 토양시료에 대한 희토류원소의 화학성분 분석 결과, 6개의 피트에서 총 희토류 함량(TREO)이 1,000 ppm 이상의 값이 확인되었다. 이는 뀌차우(Quy Chau)지역의 탐사 및 분석 결과와 비교해보면, 북동-남서 방향으로 희토류 이상대가 발달하고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

미얀마 모곡변성대에서 배터리 소재광물로 주목받고 있는 리튬 광물의 산출이 보고되었다. 모곡변성대 3개(신구, 모곡, 모메익) 주요 페그마타이트 산출지의 광화작용을 예비분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 신구 지역은 레피돌라이트 및 루벨라이트가 함께 산출되기도 하고(레트판라 2번 및 7번 페그마타이트), 루벨라이트만 산출 되기도 한다(레트판라 페그마타이트 4). 모곡 지역은 레피돌라이트 및 루벨라이트가 함께 산출된다(사칸지 페그마타이트). 모메익 지역은 레피돌라이트 및 루벨라이트가 함께 산출되기도 하고(페여우 페그마타이트), 루벨라이트만 산출 되기도 한다(케첼 이와르 팃 페그마타이트). 향후 모곡변성대 상기 페그마타이트를 대상으로 리튬광물의 자원량평가를 위한 정밀탐사의 필요성이 있다고 판단된다.

The purpose of the study focuses on the agriculture education services in the changing rural areas conditions such as population decline, aging society, and returning farmers. The study reviews the effects of agricultural education services on returning farmers and local residents for satisfaction, intention for recommendation, and intention to continue participation. Further, the study aims to investigate any difference in the level of satisfaction for two groups. The results suggested that there is a meaningful difference between return-farmers and local residents. Among the demographic variables, age and income showed a notable difference. However, sex, level of education and type of household did not suggest noticeable differences. In addition, the study accessed agricultural education from a service perspective and analyzed its service quality and customer satisfaction, loyalty and relationship using a service profit chain model. Like the result of most other studies, the analysis showed that these had positive relationships. While the study focused on the efficiency of agriculture education training program in agriculture technology centers, the study carries a meaningful value in that it discovered a meaningful difference in the satisfaction level between returning farmers and locals despite the fact that agriculture education was applied as a part of service. In practical terms, the study pointed out the need for consumer-centered education that reflects the characteristics of the groups rather than standardized education.

This study observed particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the downtown area of Jeju City, South Korea, to understand the chemical composition of particulates based on an analysis of the water-soluble ionic species contained in the particles. The mass fraction of the ionic species in the sampled PM10 and PM2.5 was 44.3% and 42.2%, respectively. In contrast, in Daegu City and Suwon City, the mass fraction of the ionic species in PM2.5 was higher than that in PM10. The chloride depletion percentage of PM10 and PM2.5 in Jeju City was higher than 61% and 66%, respectively. The contribution of sea-salt to the mass of PM10 (5.9%) and PM2.5 (2.6%) in Jeju City was similar to that in several coastal regions of South Korea. The mass ratio of Cl- to Na+ in the downtown area of Jeju City was comparable to that in some coastal regions, such as the Gosan Area of Jeju Island, Deokjeok Island, and Taean City. The mass fraction of sea-salt in PM10 and PM2.5 was very low, and the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in PM10 was not correlated with those in PM2.5 (R2 < 0.2), suggesting that the effects of sea-salt on the formation of particulate matter in Jeju City might be insignificant. The relationship between NH4 + and several anions such as SO4 2-, NO3 -, and Cl-, as well as the relationship between the measurement and calculation of ammonium ion concentration, suggested that sea-salts may not react with H2SO4, and (NH4)2SO4 may be a major secondary inorganic aerosol component of PM2.5 and PM10 in Jeju City.

From November 2013 to December 2016, ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was sampled in the downtown area of Jeju City, South Korea, which has seen rapid urbanization. The atmospheric concentrations of elements were measured in the PM2.5 samples. This study focused on Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Sb, Sn, V, and Zn. The concentrations of Al, Na, K, Fe, Ca, Mg, Sr, and La were also obtained for reference. The objectives of this study were to examine the contributions of these elements to PM2.5 concentrations in downtown Jeju City, and to investigate the inter-element relationships and the elemental sources by using enrichment factors and principal components analysis (PCA). A composition analysis showed that the 19 elements constituted 6.65 % of the PM2.5 mass, and Na, K, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, and Zn constituted 98 % of the total ion mass. Seasonal trend analysis for the sampling period indicated that the concentrations of the elements increased from November to April. However, no substantial seasonal variations were found in the concentrations of the elements. The composition ratios of some elements (Cu/Zn, Cu/Cd, Cu/Pb, V/Ni, and V/La) were found to be out of range when compared to the literature from other urban areas. The ratios between the elements and the PCA results showed that local contaminant sources in Jeju City rarely influence the composition of PM2.5. This suggests that the major sources of PM2.5 in Jeju City may include long-range transport of fine particulate matter produced in other areas.

This study was carried out to elucidate the chemical compositions of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols collected during summer and winter in downtown Jejusi city. The ratios of NO3 - to the total mass of ionic species in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols largely increase in winter compared to summer, while SO4 2- ratios in both aerosols appear to follow the opposite trend. Moreover, concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- in PM10 and PM2.5-10 aerosols are higher in winter than in summer. The nitrate concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols increase with an identical increase in excess ammonium during winter, however, nitrate formation during summer is not important owing to ammonium-poor conditions.

Chemical properties of aerosols were investigated by analyzing the inorganic water-soluble content in PM2.5 collected in the downtown area of Jeju City in Jeju Island. Due to an increase in both the number of visiting tourists and the size of local population, the number of cars in this area is increasing, causing an increase in PM2.5. Eight PM2.5-bound major inorganic ions were analyzed during the summer and winter periods. The water-soluble inorganic component represents a significant fraction of PM2.5. In particular, secondary inorganic aerosols contribute 36.2% and 47.5% of PM2.5 mass in summer and winter, respectively. Nitrate concentrations increase for [NH4 +]/[SO4 2-]>1.5, and excess ammonium, which is necessary for ammonium nitrate formation, is linearly correlated with nitrate. These results are clearly observed during the winter because conditions are more conducive to the formation of ammonium nitrate. A significant negative correlation between Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio (NOR) and temperature was observed. The obtained results can be useful for a better understanding of the aerosol dynamics in the downtown area in Jeju City.

신제3기 마이오세(Miocene)의 플라야호(playa lake) 환경에서 형성된 증발형 붕소 광상인 터키 의 비가디치(Bigadiç) 광상과 크르카(Kırka) 광상에서 산출되는 점토에서 각각 LiO2가 0.02-0.21%, 0.16-0.30% 함유되어 있다. 이는 점토에 리튬을 함유한 헥토라이트(hectorite)가 함유되어 있기 때문으 로 확인되었으며 붕소 광석을 처리하고 남은 광미도 LiO2 0.04-0.26% 포함하고 있는 것으로 보고된 다. 약 0.18%의 리튬 함량을 보이는 비가디치 및 크르카 광상 점토 시료 각 1개에 대하여 추출 가능 한 리튬의 양을 알아보았다. 본 연구의 XRD 분석 결과 크르카 광상의 시료에는 25.7%, 비가디치 시 료에는 79.7%의 헥토라이트가 함유되어 있었다. 이들 점토가 리튬 광석으로 활용될 수 있는지 알아보 기 위해 (1) 산 처리 용출 및 (2) 열처리 침출 방법으로 리튬을 추출하였다. 두 광상 시료 모두 0.25 M 염산과의 반응시간에 따라 용출되는 리튬의 양이 증가하였으나 10시간 이상 반응시켰을 때는 용출되 는 리튬의 양이 더 이상 증가하지 않았다. 10시간 이상 반응시켰을 때, 크르카 광상 점토 시료에서 89%의 리튬이 용출되었으며 비가디치 광상 점토 시료에서 71%의 리튬이 용출되었다. CaCO3 및 CaSO4와 함께 1,100°C에서 2시간 열처리하여 크르카 광상 시료에서 87%, 비가디치 광상 시료에서 82%의 리튬을 추출하였다. 크르카 광상의 점토 시료는 산 처리로 더 많은 양의 리튬을 추출할 수 있 었으며 비가디치 광상의 시료는 열처리 방법으로 리튬을 더 많이 추출할 수 있었다.

신제3기 마이오세(Miocene)의 플라야호(playa lake) 환경에서 형성된 증발형 붕소 광상인 터키 의 비가디치(Bigadiç) 광상과 크르카(Kırka) 광상에서 산출되는 점토에서 각각 LiO2가 0.02-0.21%, 0.16-0.30% 함유되어 있다. 이는 점토에 리튬을 함유한 헥토라이트(hectorite)가 함유되어 있기 때문으 로 확인되었으며 붕소 광석을 처리하고 남은 광미도 LiO2 0.04-0.26% 포함하고 있는 것으로 보고된 다. 약 0.18%의 리튬 함량을 보이는 비가디치 및 크르카 광상 점토 시료 각 1개에 대하여 추출 가능 한 리튬의 양을 알아보았다. 본 연구의 XRD 분석 결과 크르카 광상의 시료에는 25.7%, 비가디치 시 료에는 79.7%의 헥토라이트가 함유되어 있었다. 이들 점토가 리튬 광석으로 활용될 수 있는지 알아보 기 위해 (1) 산 처리 용출 및 (2) 열처리 침출 방법으로 리튬을 추출하였다. 두 광상 시료 모두 0.25 M 염산과의 반응시간에 따라 용출되는 리튬의 양이 증가하였으나 10시간 이상 반응시켰을 때는 용출되 는 리튬의 양이 더 이상 증가하지 않았다. 10시간 이상 반응시켰을 때, 크르카 광상 점토 시료에서 89%의 리튬이 용출되었으며 비가디치 광상 점토 시료에서 71%의 리튬이 용출되었다. CaCO3 및 CaSO4와 함께 1,100°C에서 2시간 열처리하여 크르카 광상 시료에서 87%, 비가디치 광상 시료에서 82%의 리튬을 추출하였다. 크르카 광상의 점토 시료는 산 처리로 더 많은 양의 리튬을 추출할 수 있 었으며 비가디치 광상의 시료는 열처리 방법으로 리튬을 더 많이 추출할 수 있었다.

In this study, mass concentrations and chemical compositions of PM2.5, including water-soluble ions and elements were determined at the 1,100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan in Jeju Island across four seasons from August 2013 to August 2014. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 12.5±8.41 /m3 with 45.8% of the contribution from eight water-soluble ionic species. Three ionic species (SO4 2-, NH4 +, and NO3 -) comprised 96.2% of the total concentration of ions contained in PM2.5 and were the dominant ions, accounting for 43.5% of the PM2.5 mass at Mt. Hallasan. On the basis of the mass concentration level, seasonal variation, enrichment factor, and relationship among elements, we can presume that Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Sr, Ba, Nd, and Dy originated mainly from crust or soil and that V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were significantly enriched in PM2.5 owing to the effects of the anthropogenic emissions. These results and the local distribution of emission sources and topographic characteristics near this sampling site suggest that the compositions of PM2.5 collected at the 1100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan were largely influenced by inflow from outside of Jeju Island.

The ambient mass concentration and chemical composition of the PM2.5 were determined at the highland site with 1,100 m above sea level on Jeju Island from June 2013 to November 2014. Yearly averaged mass concentration of PM2.5 was 11.97±8.63 /m3. PM2.5 concentrations were highest during the spring, while they tended to be lowest during the summer. Eight water soluble ionic species attributed 45.5% to PM2.5 mass. SO4 2-, NO3 - and NH4 + were major ions, which occupied to 27.9%, 3.7% and 12.3%, respectively. The greatest contributors to total mass concentration of water-soluble ions contained in PM2.5 were sulfate, ammonium and nitrate. These three ions accounted for 96.6% in total ions mass concentration of PM2.5. We could infer that these three secondary ions exist mostly in the form of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. Ca2+ and Mg2+ had a good relationship and with r=0.9. The molar ratio of Mg2+/Ca2+ in this study was lower than the value observed in sea water and higher than that in soil dust, indicating that these two ions originated from other sources rather than ocean and soil dust in this study.

반암동 광화작용이 수반된 관입암체로 이루어진 촉트체치 지역은 몽골 남부 중앙아시아 조산 대의 구르반사이한 호상열도 지형에 위치한다. 이러한 촉트체치 지역에서 예비조사를 수행하였다. 촉 트체치 지역의 동 광화작용은 페름기에 관입한 알칼리 화강암과 관련된 반암동 광상이다. 공작석이 산출되는 알칼리 화강암 지역에서 프로필리틱 변질대가 넓게 분포한다. 편광현미경에서 확인된 광석 광물은 자철석, 황철석, 반동석이다. 프로필리틱 변질대 시료에서는 석영, 견운모, 녹니석, 녹렴석 등 이 관찰되었다. XRD와 SEM-EDS 분석 결과 동 광물은 주로 공작석과 적동석으로 이루어진다. 공작 석 산출지에서 채취한 시료의 평균 동 함량은 759 ppm이고 최대 동 함량은 6190 ppm이다. 촉트체치 지역의 광화작용 특성은 촉트체치 지역으로부터 남쪽으로 56 km 떨어진 오유 톨고이 동-금(-몰리브 덴) 광상 및 북동쪽으로 120 km 떨어진 차간 수바르가 동-몰리브덴 광상과 유사하다. 조사지역의 지 질, 지구조 환경, 암상, 광물, 변질 등이 다른 반암동 광상과 유사한 특성을 갖는다. 따라서 촉트체치 동 광화 지역에 대해 지하 광체 확인을 위한 IP 탐사를 포함한 추가 광물자원 탐사가 필요하다.

한국지질자원연구원과 몽골광물자원청은 몽골 우기누르 철-망간 산출지의 제2광상 우측부에서 시험시추를 수행하였다. 기술적 한계의 최저 시추 각도인 65°의 각도로 시추하고 50-70 m 시추 구간에 서 착맥되도록 시추 위치를 설계하였다. 몽골 우기누르 철-망간 산출지에 대한 시험시추 결과 3번 시추 위치를 제외한 나머지 세 공은 지하에서의 습곡에 의해 예상보다 낮은 깊이에서 광체를 착맥하였다. 3 번 시추 위치는 비교적 예상에 맞게 착맥되었다. 1번 시추 위치에는 47.45-50 m 구간과 56.35-57.1 m 구간에서 Fe 40% 이상의 고품위 철 광체가 배태되어 있다. 1번 시추 위치의 나머지 광체 구간 및 다른 세 공의 광체에서 Fe는 약 10%로 저품위 철 광체이다. 1번 시추 위치에서 망간은 최대 10%, 평균 1% 의 품위를 갖고 나머지 세 공의 광체에서 망간은 평균 0.2%로 품위가 낮지만 철과 망간의 품위가 매우 유사한 변동 양상을 보이고 있어 철과 망간이 함께 이동하고 농집되었음을 유추할 수 있다. 시추 지역 의 확정 자원량은 Fe 231,661 톤이고 평균 품위는 Fe 11.82%이다. 시추위치 1과 2의 광체와 3과 4의 광체가 지하에서 연결되어 있다는 가정 하에 계산한 시추 지역의 예상 자원량은 Fe 4,415,296 톤이고 평균 품위는 Fe 11.82%이다. 평가된 자원량은 현재로서는 품위가 낮아 개발 가능성이 낮다.

The purpose of this study is to show the geographical distribution and the temporal variation of the emission amount of biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) emanated from forests at Jeju Island. The total emission amount of BVOCs calculated by using the CORINAIR Methodology is 3612 ton yr-1 at Jeju Island. More than half of BVOCs emissions is come from coniferous forest, and 45 per cent from broad leaved forest. The others is attributed to grassland. Of total emission of BVOCs, isoprene accounts for 28 per cent, monoterpene for 32 per cent, and other VOCs for about 40 percent, respectively. It can be shown that 3000~10000 kg yr-1 of BVOCs is emitted at the zone with dense forest from an altitude of 500 m to the top of Mt. Halla, and less than 1500 kg yr-1 at the zone an altitude of below 500 meters. The monoterpene emission is more than 1500 kg yr-1 due to the existence of a colony of Abies koreana at the place with more than 1500 meters and a community of Pinus thunbergii and Cryptomeria japonica at the elevation of 500~700 m. In the case of isoprene emission, there is 1500~3000 kg yr-1 at the zone of an elevation from 700 m to 1500 m due to dense broad leaved forest and very little of its emission at an elevation of more than 1500 meters because there is hardly broad leaved trees grown. In this study, emission of BVOCs according to the altitude above sea level is estimated under the situation of lack of the data for broad leaved tree. More detailed data and information for the distribution of broad leaved trees are needed in order to calculate more realistic BVOC emission.

This study was carried out to estimate the BVOCs emissions with the emission factors which reflected the native conditions of forests in Jeju Island. This study made effective use of the previous data for the weather data and the emission rate of each organic volatile component measured at 10 species of conifers and broad leaved trees. The CORINAIR method and the grid system of 1km×1km for whole area of Jeju Island were adopted in calculating the BVOCs emission emitted from forest. The vegetation information for Jeju Island was referred to GIS and a government report. By the results of BVOCs emission for Jeju Island, the 85% of monoterpene emission was emitted from conifers and the others was from broad leaved trees. Most of monoterpene emission was attributed to Pinus thunbergii and Cryptomeria japonica. The broad leaved trees greatly contributed to the isoprene emission and Quercus serrata played a dominant role in emission of isoprene. The total amount of BVOCs emission was estimated as 3612 ton yr-1 in Jeju Island. The 51.1% of total emission was contributed to conifers, the 44.9% to broad leaved trees, and the 4.0% to grassland. Of total emission of BVOCs, monoterpene accounted for 32.3%, isoprene for 28.0%, and OVOCs for 39.7%. The BVOCs emission estimated by this study was less than that estimated by other previous study. This means that it is important to survey the emission rate at native conditions and gather the detailed information for various species of vegetation on target region.

당두광상에서 산출되는 스카른 광물 및 섬아연석에 대한 분광분석을 실시하고 XRD 분석 및 편광현미경 관찰을 통해 휴대용 분광계를 이용한 스카른 광상 광물자원탐사에 있어서 효율성에 대해 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 단사휘석(회철휘석, 투휘석, 보통휘석), 석류석(회철석류석, 회반석류석), 녹렴석, 방해석, 녹니석 및 섬아연석이 산출됨을 확인하였으며, 단사휘석, 석류석, 녹렴석, 섬아연석의 경우 해당 광물의 단일표준분광정보와 매우 일치하는 반면, 녹니석은 방해석 및 단사휘석과 혼합된 형태의 분광특성이 나타난다. 분광특성분석과 XRD 분석 및 현미경관찰을 통한 교차검증 결과, 단사휘석, 석류석, 녹렴석의 경우 80% 이상의 일치성을 보인 반면, 섬아연석, 녹니석, 방해석의 경우 50% 이하의 일치성을 보인다. 따라서 휴대용 분광계를 이용한 스카른 광상 탐사 시 단사휘석, 석류석, 녹렴석의 정보제공에 효과적인 반면, 섬아연석, 녹니석, 방해석의 경우 부수적인 자료로 활용하는 것이 적절할 것으로 생각된다. 녹니석이나 방해석의 경우 효과적인 탐지를 위해서는 충분한 함량이 뒷받침되어야 할 것이다.

The number concentrations, the mass concentrations and the elemental concentrations of PM10 have measured at Gosan site in Jeju, Korea, from March 2010 to December 2010. And the correlation and the factor analysis for the number, the mass and the elemental concentrations of PM10 are performed to identify their relationships and sources. The average PM10 number concentration is observed 246 particles/㎝3(35.7∼1,017 particles/㎝3) and the average PM10 mass concentration is shown 50.1 ㎍/㎥(16.7∼441.4 ㎍/㎥) during this experimental period. The number concentrations are significantly decreased with increasing particle size, hence the concentrations for the smaller particles less than 2.5 ㎛(PM2.5) are contributed 99.6% to the total PM10 number concentrations. The highest concentration of the 20 elements in PM10 determined in this study is shown by S with a mean value of 1,497 ng/㎥ and the lowest concentration of them is found by Cd with a mean value of 0.57 ng/㎥. The elements in PM10 are evidently classified into two group based on their concentrations: In group 1, including S>Na> Al>Fe>Ca>Mg>K, the elemental mean concentrations are higher than several hundred ng/㎥, on the other hand, the concentrations are lower than several ten ng/㎥ in group 2, including Zn>Mn>Ni>Ti>Cr>Co>Cu>Mo>Sr>Ba>V >Cd. The size-separated number concentrations are shown positively correlated with the mass concentrations in overall size ranges, although their correlation coefficients, which are monotonously increased or decreased with size range, are not high. The concentrations of the elements in group 1 are shown highly correlated with the mass concentrations, but the concentrations in group 2 are shown hardly correlated with the mass concentrations. The elements originated from natural sources have been predominantly related to the mass concentrations while the elements from anthropogenic sources have mainly affected on the number concentrations of PM10.

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has the natural assets resulting in UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage Listed and World Geopark Certification, so the principle of 'Conservation First Development Later' has been set up for the vision of environmental policy to preserve these assets. This case study has been carried out to investigate the realization of the principle of 'Conservation First Development Later' for the development projects performed environmental impact assessment from 1994 to 2012 in Jeju Province, using geographic information systems(GIS). The Jeju Province has its own ordinance to consult and operate an environmental impact assessment(EIA) system. In particular, the conservation area, such as, Absolute/Relative Conservation Area and Underground Water, Ecosystem and View Conservation Zone, has been assigned and managed specially to conserve the natural environment. The 179 projects has been performed EIA for last 18 years in Jeju Province, and then the Absolute Conservation Area has been included in 22 projects and the Relative Conservation Area has been included in 34 projects. However, the 2 projects only have included the Absolute Conservation Area for 7 years after 2005. This result suggests that the application of the principle for the Absolute Conservation Area is strengthened gradually. On the other hand, the 17 projects and the 24 projects have included the Underground Water Conservation Zone assigned grade 1 and 2, respectively, and the number has been increasing after 2004. The results show that it needs to strengthen the application of the principle for this Zone. And the Ecosystem Conservation Zone assigned grade 1 and 2 have been included in 1 project and 9 projects, respectively. It is considered from this result that the principle is realized successfully for the Ecosystem Conservation Zone. In addition, it could be known that the principle is applied well for the View Conservation Zone, in this study.