The green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps is an insect vector which transmits virus diseases of rice plant causing severe damage to the rice and its damage both quality and yield of rice. Survival rate of overwintering N. cincticeps in Alopeculus acquadis among 15 species of the winter crops and weeds was 37.8% and its most preferred. Density of N. cincticeps in environment-friendly agriculture area which cultivated Astragalus sinicus as a green manure crop in winter season increased in number wintering pass in Alopeculus acquadis and Astragalus sinicus as host plants, because of control of N. cincticeps was not enough in the previous year. Survival rate of N. cincticeps was higher mainly in habitation mixed with rice straw, Astragalus sinicus and Alopeculus acquadis as winter habitation. It warmed due to the effect of the keeping warmth inside of a rice paddy field and the bank around a rice field covered with rice straw or Astragalus sinicus. Also, habitation conditions were optimal for survival because of growing Alopeculus acquadis as the major host plant of N. cincticeps in that place.

The genus Platyptilia Hübner is the largest group of the tribe Platyptiliini (Lepidoptera, Pterophoridae) distributed in the Afrotropical and Palaearctic regions and rarely from the Pacific and Nearctic region, with 107 species (Gielis 2003) known from all over the world. From the Palaearctic region, 25 species have been described: 6 from Japan, 3 from China, and 11 from Russia, and two species, Platyptilia suigensis Matsumura and P. farfarellus Zeller from Korea. Recently, we recognized 5 species, including a new species and two species new to korea: Platyptilia ignifera Meyrick and P. nemoralis Zeller.

Members of Sparassidae of Araneae are small to large sized (3-25mm) huntsman spiders (Jäger 1999). In Korea, there have been recorded 5 species, Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767), Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757), Sinopoda koreana (Paik, 1968), Sinopoda stellatops Jäger & Ono, 2002 and Thelcticopis severa (L.Koch, 1875), belonging to 3 genera (Paik, 1968, 1978, Namkung, 2002, 2003, You and Kim, 2002). In the course of survey for the spider fauna of Mt. Sobaek (1,439m elevation) located in Punggi-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do during 2007 to 2008, one of the 16 National Parks in Korea, 2 matured females of Sinopoda forcipata (Karsch,1881) which has been known to distribute in China and Japan were collected by pitfall traps. S.forcipata is a newly recorded species for the Korean spider fauna. Female of S.forcipata was described with some natural history including vertical distribution at mountain and seasonal fluctuation, and compared distribution and habitat of 3 Korean Sinopoda species referring former reports from Korea.

The genus Philostephanus Distant 1909 belongs to the family Miridae, including 23 species from the eastern Palearctic and the Oriental regions. They are characterized with a relatively large body, brown or fuscous coloration, rather symmetrical parameres of male genitalia, and unique structures of female genitalia. Especially, the respective structures of female genitalia exhibit distinct interspecific variation, which is uncommon in other genera of Miridae, so they are used as key characters in identification and phylogenetic study. Most of members are known to inhabit deciduous trees, and their feeding habits are considered predominantly predaceous although some species are known to use some deciduous trees as their breeding hosts (Yasunaga & Schwartz, 2007). Presently, two species are reported in the Korean fauna (Kwon et al., 2001). During our study, we found one newly recorded Philostephanus species from Korea, P. ulmi (Kerzhner 1979), which is distinguished from other Korean congeners by speckled hemelytra with pale portions. In this study, we provide taxonomic information on P. ulmi and review briefly the Korean Philostephanus species with morphological keys and photos of specimens.

Predation, development, and ovipostion experiments were conducted to evaluate Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a potential biological control agent for tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyidae) which is a periodic pest of greenhouse tomatoes. Results show that A. swirskii attacked all developmental stages of A. lycopersici, and had a type II functional response on the prey densities given. The predation rates of A. swirskii on A. lycopersici in the presense of alternative food sources such as pollen, thrips first instar, or whitefly eggs were recorded as 74%, 56%, and 76%, respectively of the predation rate on A. lycopersici alone. Amblyseius swirskii successfully completed their life-cycle on either A. lycopersici or cattail pollen. At 25oC, 70% RH, development time of female A. swirskii fed on A. lycopersici or on cattail pollen took 5.0 and 6.2 days, respectively. For the first 10 days after moulting to the adult stage, A. swirskii fed on A. lycopersici had higher daily oviposition rate (2.0 eggs per day) than on pollen (1.5 eggs per day). From this laboratory study, it can be concluded that A. swirskii has promising traits as a predator against A. lycopersici and that their populations can be stably maintained using alternative food such as cattail pollen. We suggest that the effectiveness of A. swirskii against A. lycopersici under field conditions deserves to be investigated.

This study was conducted to explore if the ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) can be used as an indicator classifying habitat types. Thirteen land use types were selected as survey sites in Jeonju. Ground beetles were collected by 3 pitfall traps (15 cm diameter) for each site from June 20 to September 22, 2008. Pitfall traps were replaced at one month interval. Total 919 ground beetles of 31 species belonging to 17 genera were collected. Land use types were classified and ordinated by two-way indicator species analysis and detrended correspondence analysis. Land use types were classified and ordinated into two major groups, forest and non-forest, by Synuchus nitidus and Dolichus halensis. Two major groups were subdivided into 4 end groups; forest, riverside, upland and other sites. Other sites group including 4 sites; levee, public garden, outfield and manufacturing area were not coincided with land use types. Nevertheless, ground beetles appear to be used as indicators of habitat types.

The use of electron beam irradiation has been emerged as one of alternative ways of the restriction of methyl bromide usage for the disinfestation of stored-products and quarantine pests. Here we demonstrated effects of electron beam irradiation on development and gene expression of P. interpunctella, which is a serious pest of various stored-products. P. interpunctella at various developmental stages were irradiated at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 kGy. Eggs failed to hatch at all treated doses of electron beam. Fifth instar larvae pupated only 6.7% by 0.25 kGy irradiation but failed pupation at above doses. Interestingly, survived larvae by low-dose irradiation did not pupated until 40 days. Pupae eclosed to adults only 12.1% by 0.25 kGy irradiation but failed at above doses. In addition, 5-day-old pupae eclosed 94.4, 91.6, 100 and 49.9% at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 kGy, respectively. However, most of those emerged adults were malformed, especially in wings, and showed very low oviposition rate. We demonstrated whether the electron beam irradiation induces gene expression. Upregulated genes at any doses were hsp70, which is a stress-responsive protein, at fifth instar larval stage and hemolin, which is an immune-responsive protein, at pupal stage. Some genes of pupae, such as β-1,3 glucan recognition protein, hsp70 and acp25 (small hsp) were upregulated only at high doses. However, other genes, such as prophenoloxidase, ultraspiracle , ecdysone receptor and heat shock proteins (hsp90, hsc70) were downregulated by irradiation of electron beam

A glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) gene, which is belongs to a heat shock cognate 70 (hsc70) subfamily, was cloned from Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Its full length cDNA was 2679 bp and contains a 1980 bp open reading frame. The translated amino acid sequence consists of 660 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 72,975 Da and an isoelectronic point (pI) of 5.27. It contains several highly conserved functional motifs of the Hsp70 family and, particularly, C-terminal motif of KDEL that is characteristic for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hsc70. Its deduced amino acid sequence shows a high identity (83-94%) with Hsc70s of other insects and grouped with Hsc70-3 among 5 Hsc70 members of Drosophila melanogaster. During development the grp78 transcript level was high in egg, feeding larval and adult stages but low in molting and wandering larval and pupal stages. Particularly its level was higher in the gut than integument and fat body of fifth instars. Furthermore its level was greatly decreased when fifth instar larvae were starved for 48 hrs but recovered at 3-6 hrs after re-fed diet. Our data suggests that grp78 is a member of hsc70 gene that belongs to ER and may have a role for energy metabolism at cellular level.

The flower bugs (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) is usually known as biological control agents against various kinds of agricultural pests such as aphids, mites, thrips and so on. Since the classification of the family Anthocoridae has been controversial, the molecular phylogenetic study was conducted with 44 species including 6 outgroup taxa. Three genes, a total of 3277 bp of sequence data (nuclear 18S rDNA: 2022bp, 28S rDNA: 755bp, and mitochondrial 16S rDNA: 498bp), were analyzed using ML (maximum likelihood) and Bayesian methods, excluding MP (maximum parsimony) as the incongruence length difference (ILD) test has very low (0.001) P-values on all partition tests. Our results support the rank and monophyly of the family Lasiochilidae which was exclusively separated from the main clade of Anthocoridae proposed by Schuh and Stys (1991), and indicate the monophyletic relationships among tribes and genera within the family Anthocoridae. According to our results, the genus Amphiareus should be out of the tribe Dufourini and treated as the tribe level and The three genera, Blaptostethus, Scoloposcelis and Xylocoris should be placed to the family Lyctocoridae. We also propose the evolutionary theory of Anthocoridae based on their habitats, hunting behavior and the molecular phylogenetic results.

This study is focused on the synthesis of urea and amide derivatives particularly, since the amide moiety is an essential binding group at the binding site. Urea derivatives 3-7 and 13-14 were obtained by reaction of 2-aminopyrimidines and other amines with diverse isocyanates in pyridine as a solvent under reflux. The urea derivatives were obtained in low yield because of the highly electron deficient nature of the amino group of the 2-aminopyrimidine. Amide derivatives 8-10 were obtained in moderate yields by reaction of compound 1 with aryl chloride derivatives. Also, arylamine 11 was synthesized by Buchwald-Hartwig amination in moderate yields. Most of the compound did not show good activity against A375P melanoma cells, compared with Sorafenib as control compound.

This study investigated the effect of kilning condfition on the diastatic power and activities of protease, α-amylase, and β-amylase in rice malt. Common rice (Oryza sativa) was steeped at 30℃ for 50 h, germinated at 30℃ for 7 days, and kilned at 50℃ for 24 h. The moisture content and enzymatic activities were determined under various kilning times. As a result, the moisture content was reduced from 42.1 % to 3.9% after 24 h of kilning at 50℃. The protease activity of rice malt showed lower value than that of barley malt. All enzymatic activities were decreased during the kilning stage. Results indicated that after prolonged kilning at 50℃, the inactivation of hydrolytic enzymes might be occurred. Even though the amylolytic activity of malted rice showed low value, the rice malt shows the potential characteristics as ingredient for the brewing and cereal industries.

Nowadays, Tra catfish fat is given attention as an appropriate material for biodiesel production in Vietnam. The aim of this work is to investigate the optimal conditions of refining biodiesel and recovering glycerin by the transesterification from Tra catfish fat using KOH catalyst. As our results, the yield of transesterification was achieved to 94.17% at 50℃ for 45 min with 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to fat in the presence of 0.8% KOH catalyst, and wherein the biodiesel was refined by washing with distilled water at 70℃ and dried in a microwave oven. The yield of raw glycerin recoveries from the transesterification process was 78.58%. The purity of raw glycerin was 84.14% by the conditions of neutralization state with H3PO4 solution (pH = 5), 70℃, and 60 min. Activated carbon (3.0 wt.%) was used for the bleaching process at 80℃ for 20 min. The biodiesel was obtained in accordance with for ASTM D 6751 (biodiesel standard). The ash and water of raw glycerins were 7.32 and 8.01%, respectively, and implied that the raw glycerin is very promising candidate to be used as a raw material for textile and cosmetic industries.

Transesterification of fat of Tra catfish with methanol in the presence of the KOH catalyst yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol (GL). The effects of the reaction temperature and reaction time on rate constants and kinetic order were investigated. Three regions were observed. In the initial stage, the immiscibility of the Tra fat and methanol limited the reaction rate, hence this region was controlled by the mass transfer. Subsequent to this region, produced FAME like a co-solvent made the reaction mixture homogeneous, therefore the conversion rate increased rapidly so it was controlled by the kinetic parameters of the reaction until the equilibrium was approached in the final slow region. A second-order kinetic mechanism was proposed involving second regions for the forward reaction. The rate determining step for the overall KOH catalyzed-methanolysis of Tra fat was the conversion of triglycerides (TG) to diglycerides (DG). This rate constant was increased from 0.003 to 0.019min-1 when the reaction temperature was increased from 35 to 60℃. Its calculated activation energy was 14.379 (kcal.mol-1).

A group of new N,N-bis(5-acetylpyridin-2-yl)phenylamine derivatives was synthesized in good yield applying an optimized Buchwald-Hartwig amination protocol. The synthesized compounds showed UV absorption maxima in the range of 320-360 nm, and showed good luminescence at dilute concentrations in the blue region of the spectra (in the range of 480-497 nm). They showed also a bathochromic shift associating the increase in solvent polarity. The synthesized compounds could be investigated for use in OLEDs or as potential monomers for PLEDs.

A CNT-TiO2 nano composite was prepared from titanium chloride (TiCl4) via sol-gel process using multi walled carbon nano tube (MWCNT) followed by calcination at 450℃. Spectral analysis revealed that the formed TiO2 resided on the carbon in anatase form. The effect of adsorption was investigated using aqueous solution of methylene blue and procion blue dye. The photochemical reaction of CNT-TiO2 composite in aqueous suspensions was studied under UV illumination in batch process. The reaction was investigated by monitoring the discoloration of the dyes employing UV-Visible spectro-photometeric technique as a function of irradiation time. The catalyst composites were found to be efficient for the photodegradation of the dye.