Well-developed listening skills are crucial to success in the marketing profession. Poor listening skills have been rated as the most important contributing factor to salesperson failure (Ingram et al., 1992). Listening errors can result in conflicts, missed business opportunities, alienated relationships, and a waste of time and money (Bergeron & Laroche, 2009). Recognizing the importance of effective listening, organizations such as Pfizer, Ford, IBM have introduced listening training programs for all their personnel (Shepherd et al., 1997). A number of definitions exist for “listening” (e.g., Bergeron & Laroche, 2009). From the marketing perspective, this paper adopts a well-accepted listening definition as “the cognitive process of actively sensing, interpreting, evaluating and responding to the verbal and nonverbal messages of present or potential customers” (Castleberry & Shepherd, 1993, p.36). Prior research has underscored the importance of “active listening” strategies such as active empathetic listening (Drollinger et al., 2006; Bodie, 2011); adaptive selling (Spiro & Weitz, 1990); and listening across cultures (Imhof & Janusik, 2006). However, despite its importance, neither marketing students nor professionals receive coaching or instruction for situations when listening is particularly difficult – i.e., when we are required to listen carefully to another person in the presence of hindrances to communication (distractions, inattention, poor delivery). Salespeople, students, journalists, counselors … are often faced with the task of “tough listening” - when they must listen carefully to a person that is not communicating in an interesting or engaging manner, when the environment is full of distractions, or when they as listeners are fatigued. The major hindrances to effective listening have been well documented, but extant research that addresses how people might overcome those hindrances is scant. The purpose of this paper is to explore the range of strategies that people use to improve their comprehension and empathy of others when they wish to listen carefully but find it difficult to do so. The practice of effective listening is perhaps one of the most human and fundamental components of community, commerce, and culture. Several academic disciplines such as marketing, education, communication, and psychology have closely examined the listening process in an effort to understand and improve it.

Information on spatial distribution and peak occurrence is important for site and time specific pest management. So, we investigated seasonal occurrence and edge distribution of major soybean pests by visual count in six commercial fields located in Andong from July 16 to October 23 in 2015. We found a total of 19 species in 10 families. The major pest during vegetative stage was Medythia nigrobilineata (Motschulsky) while Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) and Halyomorpha halys (Stal) showed peak occurrence during reproductive stage of soybean. Aphis glycines Matsumura was found throughout the season. Seasonal density of M. nigrobilineata was 0.20 and 0.38/plant in edge and interior without significance, respectively. The infestation of A. glycine was also found similar between edge and interior. Immatures of R. pedestris and H. halys distributed more in edge (0.21 and 0.36/plant) than interior (0.12 and 0.12/plant), respectively. The application of these informations on spatial distribution pattern of soybean pest was discussed.

A mycoinsecticide, Beauveria bassiana (strain GHA) marketed as BotaniGard® ES, was evaluated as a biological control agent against Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) a major soybean pest. It was tested on commercial soybean fields with one time spray of both high (1×109) and medium (1×108spore/ml) concentration and double spray of the medium concentration. Nymph population decreased in all treated fields regardless of dose and frequency of spray. But, adult and egg populations were not affected. Alive nymphs collected from the fields and kept in laboratory showed infection rate ranging 35-68% in treated plots while 0% in control plots. It also reduced damage on soybean pods and seeds by 17.7-21.2 and 18.0-22.5% compare to control, respectively. Additionally, B. bassiana reduced other pests found in soybean fields including brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stål) and two striped leaf beetle Medythia nigrobilineata Motschulsky. Also there was no negative effect on the parasitism of released non-viable eggs of R. pedestris. These results suggest that, in field condition, one time spraying of B. bassiana in the concentration of 1×108spore/ml can help reducing crop damage as well as R. pedestris nymph population.

대형녹조류인 Ulva pertusa는 전 세계 연안에 서식하는 저서성 종으로 대발생 또는 인공구조물에 착생되어 경제적, 사회적인 측면에서 문제를 야기시키고 있다. 착생생물을 제어하기 위해 신방오제인 ziram, diruon, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT), copper pyrithione(CuPT), DBNPA, triclosan 등이 방오도료로 사용 중이나, 대형 및 미세조류를 이용한 신방오 제들의 방오능 검증과 기초적인 연구자료가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 초기 우점착생종인 구멍갈파래의 포자를 이용하여 방오제의 효능을 검증하고 생체막 형성의 우점종인 미세조류 Nitzschia pungens를 이용한 방오능을 검증하였다. 구멍갈파래포자의 운동성 검증에서 ziram과 ZnPT는 diuron, CuPT, DBNPA, triclosan보다 50% 높은 운동성 억제를 나타내었고 착생 검증에서는 ziram이 가장 낮은 착생률 1%로 나타났으며 CuPT는 100 ㎍/L의 농도에서 다른 대조군에 비해 80%의 성장율 억제를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과로 신방오제의 방오능을 검증하여 향후 방오능 검증에 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

Polarbear is a ground-based experiment located in the Atacama desert of northern Chile. The experiment is designed to measure the Cosmic Microwave Background B-mode polarization at several arcminute resolution. The CMB B-mode polarization on degree angular scales is a unique signature of primordial gravitational waves from cosmic in ation and B-mode signal on sub-degree scales is induced by the gravitational lensing from large-scale structure. Science observations began in early 2012 with an array of 1,274 polarization sensitive antenna-couple Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers at 150 GHz. We published the first CMB-only measurement of the B-mode polarization on sub-degree scales induced by gravitational lensing in December 2013 followed by the first measurement of the B-mode power spectrum on those scales in March 2014. In this proceedings, we review the physics of CMB B-modes and then describe the Polarbear experiment, observations, and recent results.

We identify a strong lensing galaxy in the cluster IRC 0218 that is spectroscopically confirmed to be at z = 1:62, making it the highest-redshift strong lens galaxy known. The lens is one of the two brightest cluster galaxies and lenses a background source galaxy into an arc and a counterimage. With Hubble Space Telescope (HST) grism and Keck/LRIS spectroscopy, we measure the source redshift to be zS = 2:26. Using HST imaging, we model the lens mass distribution with an elliptical power-law prole and account for the effects of the cluster halo and nearby galaxies. The Einstein radius is θE = 0.38+0.02-0.01" (3.2+0.2 -0.1 kpc) and the total enclosed mass is Mtot(< θE) = 1.8+0.2 -0.1 X 1011 M⊙. We estimate that the cluster environment contributes ~ 10% of this total mass. Assuming a Chabrier IMF, the dark matter fraction within θE is fChab DM = 0.3+0.1 -0.3, while a Salpeter IMF is marginally inconsistent with the enclosed mass (fSalp DM = -0.3+0.2 -0.5).

Using black hole masses which span 105-1010M⊙, the distribution of galaxies in the (host spheroid stellar mass)-(black hole mass) diagram is shown to be strongly bent. While the core-Sersic galaxies follow a near-linear relation, having a mean Mbh=Msph mass ratio of ~0.5%, the Sersic galaxies follow a near-quadratic relation. This is not due to offset pseudobulges, but is instead an expected result arising from the long-known bend in the Msph-σ relation and a log-linear Mbh-σ relation.

Close binary stars are so close that one component has an effect on the evolution of the other. But how do they form and evolve? This is an unsolved problem. One speculation is that the binary is a part of a hierarchical triple and its orbit shrinks due to interaction with the third component. Therefore, searching for and investigating tertiary components, especially close-in ones, in close binary stars are important for understanding their origin, as well as to test theories of star formation and stellar dynamical interaction.

The Eclipsing Binaries Minima (BIMA) Monitoring Project is a CCD-based photometric observational program initiated by Bosscha Observatory - Lembang, Indonesia in June 2012. Since December 2012 the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT) has joined the BIMA Project as the main partner. This project aims to build an open-database of eclipsing binary minima and to establish the orbital period of each system and its variations. The project is conducted on the basis of multisite monitoring observations of eclipsing binaries with magnitudes less than 19 mag. Dierential photometry methods have been applied throughout the observations. Data reduction was performed using IRAF. The observations were carried out in BVRI bands using three dierent small telescopes situated in Indonesia, Thailand, and Chile. Computer programs have been developed for calculating the time of minima. To date, more than 140 eclipsing binaries have been observed. From them 71 minima have been determined. We present and discuss the O-C diagrams for some eclipsing binary systems.

Due to the lack of an accretion disk in a polar (magnetic cataclysmic variable, MCV), the material transferred from the secondary is directly accreted onto the white dwarf, forming an accretion stream and a hot spot on the white-dwarf component. During the eclipses, different light components can be isolated. Therefore, the monitoring of eclipsing polars could provide valuable information on several modern astrophysical problems, e.g., CVs as planetary hosting stars, mass transfer and mass accretion in CVs, and the magnetic activity of the most rapidly rotating cool dwarfs. In the past five years, we have monitored about 10 eclipsing polars (e.g., DP Leo and HU Aqr) using several 2-m class telescopes and about 100 eclipse profiles were obtained. In this paper, we will introduce the progress of our research group at YNOs. The first direct evidence of variable mass transfer in a CV is obtained and we show that it is the dark-spot activity that causes the mass transfer in CVs. Magnetic activity cycles of the cool secondary were detected and we show that the variable mass transfer is not caused by magnetic activity cycles. These results will shed light on the structure and evolution of close binary stars (e.g., CVs and Algols).

We present an ongoing study of the complete sample of supernova remnants (SNRs) and candidates in the Magellanic Clouds. 108 objects in both Clouds are considered to be either SNR or reliable candidates. This represents the most complete sample of all known SNRs in any galaxy. It therefore allows us to study SNR population properties such as the age-diameter (Age-D) relation. Here, we show that this Age-D relation is strongly dependant on the local environment in which SNRs are residing.

The physical and chemical properties of prestellar cores, especially massive ones, are still far from being well understood due to the lack of a large sample. The low dust temperature (< 14 K) of Planck cold clumps makes them promising candidates for prestellar objects or for sources at the very initial stages of protostellar collapse. We have been conducting a series of observations toward Planck cold clumps (PCCs) with ground-based radio telescopes. In general, when compared with other star forming samples (e.g. infrared dark clouds), PCCs are more quiescent, suggesting that most of them may be in the earliest phase of star formation. However, some PCCs are associated with protostars and molecular out ows, indicating that not all PCCs are in a prestellar phase. We have identied hundreds of starless dense clumps from a mapping survey with the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO) 13.7-m telescope. Follow-up observations suggest that these dense clumps are ideal targets to search for prestellar objects.

In the tanker industry, there are a lot of uncertain conditions that tanker companies have to deal with.For example, the global financial crisis and economic recession, the increase of bunker fuel prices and global climate change. Such conditions have forced tanker companies to change tankers speed from full speed to slow speed, extra slow speed and super slow speed. Due to such conditions, the objective of this paper is to present a methodology for determining vessel speeds of tankers that minimize the cost of the vessels under such conditions. The four levels of vessel speed in the tanker industry will be investigated and will incorporate a number of uncertain conditions. This will be done by developing a scientific model using a rule-based Bayesian reasoning method. The proposed model has produced 96 rules that can be used as guidance in the decision making process. Such results help tanker companies to determine the appropriate vessel speed to be used in a dynamic operational environmental.

Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is an important pest of soybeans in Korea and Japan. A synthetic aggregation pheromone trap has been commercialized and used in soybean fields in Korea for both monitoring and mass-capture of this bug. As the trap’s efficacy in reducing the pest population or crop damage is unknown, in this study we evaluated the aggregation pheromone trap in experimental soybean fields located in Andong National University. Two treatments, one with traps deployed for the entire cultivation period and one with no traps, were tested in six small experimental fields. The total numbers of R. pedestris (in all life stages) in soybean field were not significantly different between the treatments until August. But, in presence of pheromone, the pest’s abundance increased significantly in September and October. Relative to the size of the bug population in the field, trap catch rate was low during the fall (when bug density was highest) and high in early summer when the field population was very low. Placement of aggregation traps in plots caused pod and seed damage from R. pedestris to increase 2.7 and 2.2 times compared to the control. In conclusion, R. pedestris populations increased significantly during the fall in the presence of the aggregation pheromone trap, which should therefore be used with great caution whether as a control measure or as a monitoring tool.