As a method to reduce collision accidents of ships at sea, this paper suggests an expert system for collision avoidance and navigation (hereafter "ESCAN"). The ESCAN is designed and developed by using the theory and technology of expert system and based on the information provided by AIS and RADAR/ARPA system. In this paper the ESCAN is composed of four(4) components; Facts/Data Base in charge of preserving data from navigational equipment, Knowledge Base storing production rules of the ESCAN, Inference Engine deciding which rules are satisfied by facts or objects, User System Interface for communication between users and ESCAN. The ESCAN has the function of real--time analysis and judgment of various encountering situations between own ship and targets, and is to provide navigators with appropriate plans of collision avoidance and additional advice and recommendation This paper, as a basic study, is to introduce the basic design and function of ESCAN.

Plant germplasm resources are the plant materials containing useful inheritable characters of actual or potential value. Generally speaking, plant resources include cultivated and wild plants. China is a megadiversity country. A great lot of different complex climate environments in China such as dryness, wetness, clearness, clouding, shade, plain, hill, mountain, and so on, have gestated many Chinese endemic special plants. Some of them have special genes, such as resistance to drought, chilliness, disease, pests, and saltness etc, elite quality, high yield characteristics and so on. There are 470 families、about 3 7000 genus、more than 30 000 species of lichen, fern、seed plants in China. Special species in China involve 200 genus and about 10 000 species. Plant resources in China are conservated in situ and ex situ, by means of reforestation, regrassing, natural protection zones, arboreta, campus, parks, and institutes, etc. National Crop Gene Bank in Beijing, built in 1986, has 3200m2, two long-term rooms (T=-18℃±1℃, RH<50%) with the capability 400,000. There are more than 340,000 accessions in long-term banks of the National Crop Gene Bank of China, involving 35 families, 192 genus, 725 species. Among them, 80% are native to China. Up to now, there have been more than 210 main tree species for artificial forestation in China. Among them, there are more than 120 species for reforestation of barren slopes, deserts, and stony mountains. There are about 800-1000 Chinese traditional medicine plants, which were mainly conservated in situ and ex situ. The application of plant germplasm in China in plant biotechnology were reviewed on the following aspects: (1)Core germplasm construction by molecular marker technology (2)Plant germplasm preservation by biotechnology (3) Plant germplasm reproduction and industrialization by biotechnology (4) Elite gene discoverfrom plant germplasm by biotechnology (5) Plant germplasm in China and gene engineering technology. At last, some problems of plant resources in China were put forward.

Evaluation of collision risk plays a key role in developing the expert system of navigation and collision avoidance. This paper presents a new collision risk model formula that is one modification model on the basis of one approach to the evaluation of collision risk using sech function produced in earlier studies. And as a tool of the evaluation field of ship collision, this paper applied the new model in appraising the collision risk and represented how to decide the safe range of own ship's action. Moreover this paper also analyzed theoretically how to determine the coefficients as described in the new modification model, and suggested the appropriate values as applicable.

로즈마리(Rosmarinus officinalis)와 라벤더(Lavandura spica L.)의 잎 절편으로부터 식물생장조절물질의 첨가에 따른 캘러스 유기율, 신초 및 뿌리의 분화율을 조사한 결과와 유기된 캘러스의 항산화 활성은 다음과 같다. 로즈마리의 캘러스 유기율은 2,4-D의 모든 처리구에서 양호 하였고, 특히 배양 90일째 2,4-D 1.0mg/L처리구에서 94%의 유기율로 가장 좋은 반응을 보였다. 로즈마리의 항산화 활성은 식물생장조절물질에 따라 다른 경향을 보였고, 2,4-D 0.1mg/L를 첨가하여 배양된 캘러스에서 43μg(RC50)으로 가장 높았으며, 2,4-D의 농도가 낮을 수 록 항산화 활성이 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 NAA, BA는 2,4-D와 반대로 농도가 증가함에 따라 항산화 활성이 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 라벤더의 캘러스 유기는 2,4-D, NAA 및 BA의 모든 처리구에서 양호 하였으며, 로즈마리와 동일하게 2,4-D 1.0mg/L 처리구에서 98%의 유기율로 가장 양호하였다. 뿌리의 형성은 NAA 1.0mg/L을 첨가하였을 때 85%의 분화율로 가장 양호 하였다. 라벤더의 항산화 활성은 잎의 경우 69.5μg(RC50)으로 낮은 항산화 활성을 보였지만 2,4-D 0.1mg/L을 첨가하여 배양된 캘러스에서 37.6μg(RC50)으로 잎 보다 2배 정도 강한 항산화 활성을 보였으며, BA의 모든 처리구에서도 잎 보다 강한 항산화 활성을 보였다.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are mitogenic peptide hormones that regulate embryonic development, postnatal growth and cellular differentiation in vertebrates IGFs are initially translated as pre-pro-peptides and then proteolytically processed to yield the mature IGFs and E-peptides. Like the C-peptide of pro-insulin, the E-peptides of pro-IGFs are generally believed to possess little or no biological activity other than their potential roles in the biosynthesis of the mature IGFs. Like human IGF-1, previous studies in our laboratory showed that the recombinant trout Ea4-peptide of pro-IGF-1 exhibited a dose-dependent mitegenic activity in cultured BALB/3T3 fibroblasts and other non-oncogenic transformed cells (Tian et al., 1999) We have also shown by in vitro and in vivo studies that Ea4-peptide possessed novel anti-tumor activities (Chen et al., 2002, Kuo and Chen, 2002; Kuo and Chen 2003). Recent results of studies conducted in chorionicallantoic membrane of developing chicken embryos revealed that Ea4-peptide of trout pro-IGF-1 also possesses a dose-dependent antiangiogenic activity. Together these results raised the question whether Ea4-peptide of trout pro-IGF-1 may affect heart and blood vessel development and hematopoiesis in fish embryos. (중략)

유형이 다른 품종들간에 기공밀도와 기체확산저항의 차이와 광합성 속도에 미치는 영향 등을 비교 검토한 바 일반적으로 Indica 품종의 기공밀도가 Japonica 품종보다 컸으나 기체확산은 작았다. Indica 품종과 Japonica 품종간의 교잡을 통하여 육성한 품종들의 기공밀도와 기체확산 저항은 중간가를 나타냈다. 기공밀도와 기체확산저항 광합성 속도 간에는 현저한 정의 상관을 보였지만 특수엽중과는 현저한 질의 상관을 보였고, 단엽면적과의 상관관계는 현저하지 않았다. Indica 품종과 Japonica품종간의 교잡을 통하여 Indica 품종의 기공밀도가 크고 기체확산저항이 낮은 특성과 Japonica 품종의 특수 엽중이 큰 특성을 결합할 수 있다면 광합성 속도를 더욱 높일 수 있으리라 추측된다.