물 유거(Run-off)에 따른 토양유실량을 자동정량하고자 ISCO 6712 수질환경 종합측정장치를 이용하여 토양유실량 추정장치를 고안하였고, 이 장치를 통해 실시간으로 유실되는 토양량을 추정할 수 있었다. 토양유실량 추정장치는 ISCO 6712 장치에 수위계(ISCO 730), 우량계(ISCO 674) 그리고 흙탕물을 받는 저수조 내에 층위 별로 흙탕물을 자동으로 채취할 수 있는 시설을 추가하였다. 1 × 5 m2 크기, 경사 15 %의 라이시미터(lysimeter) 내 석비레(Saprolite) 토양에 옥수수를 심어 실험한 결과 2017년 1회 강우량 161.3 ㎜의 강우사상에서는 실측 토양유실량의 85.1%, 82.6 ㎜ 강우사상에서는 101.7 %의 토양량을 추정하였다.

In order to prevent upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, effective keyboard selection is an important consideration. The aim of this study was to compare upper extremity muscle activity according to transverse plane angle changes during vertical keyboard typing. Sixteen healthy men were recruited. All subjects had a similar typing ability (rate of more than 300 keystrokes per minute) and biacromion and forearm-fingertip lengths. Four different types of keyboard (vertical keyboard with a transverse plane angle of 60˚, 90˚, or 120˚, and a standard keyboard) were used with a wrist support. The test order was selected randomly for each subject. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure upper extremity muscle activity during a keyboard typing task. The collected EMG data were normalized using the reference contraction and expressed as a percentage of the reference voluntary contraction (%RVC). In order to analyze the differences in EMG data, a repeated one-way analysis of variance, with a significance level of .05, was used. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons. There were significant differences in the EMG amplitude of all seven muscles (upper trapezius, middle deltoid, anterior deltoid, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris) assessed during the keyboard typing task. The mean activity of each muscle had a tendency to increase as the transverse plane angle increased. The mean activity recorded during all vertical keyboard typing was lower than that recorded during standard keyboard typing. There was no significant difference in accuracy and error scores; however, there was a significant difference between transverse plane angles of 60˚ and 120˚ with regard to comfort. In conclusion, a vertical keyboard with a transverse plane angle of 60˚ would be effective in reducing muscle activity compared with vertical keyboards with other transverse plane angles.

An abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) with a pressure biofeedback unit can be used to prevent excessive lumbar lordosis during bridging exercise. Therefore, in this research, the effects of an ADIM on lumbar lordosis and lower extremity muscle activity during bridging exercise were investigated in thirty healthy adults. Surface electromyography (EMG) and VICON system were used to collect kinematic data and muscle activity, respectively. A paired t-test was used to determine a statistical significance. The results showed as follows: (1) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the height of the anterior superior iliac spine and greater trochanter decreased significantly (p<.05). (2) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the trunk extension angle and pelvic angle increased significantly (p<.05). (3) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the EMG signal amplitude increased significantly in the rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, external oblique abdominis, medial hamstring, and lateral hamstring (p<.05). (4) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the EMG signal amplitude decreased significantly in the erector spinae (p<.05). From the result of this research, an ADIM trained with pressure biofeedback unit during bridging exercise is effective to prevent excessive contraction of erector spinae, to limit excessive motion of pelvis from sagittal plane and to increase muscle activity of abdominal muscles and hamstring muscle.

During therapy sessions, feedback is often provided concurrently by the physical therapist as the patient attempts to perform a movement and after the movement attempt. This feedback is provided to enhance the patient's balance abilities. However, recent studies in nondisabled populations have suggested that frequent feedback may be detrimental to retention or learning of motor skills. This study compared the effects of 100% relative frequency of knowledge of performance (KP) with 66% relative frequency of KP for motor learning on balance retraining in patients with hemiplegia. Twenty patients with hemiplegic were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. The acquisition phase consisted of 16 blocks of 5 trials for 2 days (80 total practice trials). The retention phase consisted of 2 blocks of a short-term retention test, one day after the end of the acquisition phase and a long-term retention test, one week after the end of the short-term retention test. In the 100% feedback condition, participants received feedback after every practice trial. A faded KP schedule was used in the 66% condition. No significant differences were found between the two groups during all experimental phases (acquisition and retention phases), (p>.05). However, there were significant decreases in balance index for both groups of acquisition phase (p<.05). These results suggest that 66% relative frequency of KP is not more effective than 100% relative frequency of KP with respect to retention over time when hemiparetic patients attempt to learn balance.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of exercise training on the strength and balance ability of the elderly. The results of this study are: 1) After 8 weeks exercise training, knee muscle strength showed a significant increment. 2) After exercise training, forward functional reach and balance index of KAT 2000 showed a significant increment. Results indicate that strengthening exercise can result in improved muscle strength and balance in the elderly. Further studies are required to show long-term effects of exercise training on the elderly.