Background: The process of language translation, adaptation, and cross-cultural validation of tools for use in multiple countries requires the adoption of well-established, comprehensive, and rigorous methodological approaches. Back translation, which is the most recommended method, permits the detection of errors in the translation and the identification of words or phrases that cannot be accurately or literally translated. Objects: The aim of this study was to verify the content validity of a Korean version of a Balance Evaluation Systems test (BESTest) by using a back-translation method. Methods: This research was conducted in six steps: 1) translation of the BESTest into Korean, 2) evaluation of the translation conformity of Korean-translated BESTest, 3) evaluation of the degree of translation comprehension, 4) back translation of Korean BESTest, 5) evaluation of the technical and conceptual equivalence, and 6) completion of the Korean version of BESTest by the translation verification committee. Results: In this study, Korean version of the BESTest achieved a rating of more than 3 (moderate) for translation comprehension, and technical equivalence and conceptual equivalence of back translation were evaluated as 3 (moderate) or more. Conclusion: The Korean version of the BESTest has proven content validity and is an appropriate tool to measure balance function.

Push-up plus has been advocated for increasing the activity of the serratus anterior muscle, the most critical scapular stabilizer. However, no previous study has reported the possibility of compensatory motion on the part of the pectoralis major, which could substitute for the action of the serratus anterior during push-up plus. The aim of the current study was to investigate the immediate effect of electromyography (EMG) biofeedback of the pectoralis major muscle on the pectoralis major, upper trapezius, and serratus anterior muscles during push-up plus. Fourteen healthy young subjects voluntarily participated in this study; each subject performed push-up plus from the quadruped position, in two conditions (i.e., with or without visual and auditory biofeedback). Surface EMG was used to measure pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and upper trapezius activity. A paired t-test was used to determine any statistically significant difference between the two conditions. Additionally, effect size was calculated to quantify the magnitude of EMG biofeedback in each muscle. Visual and auditory feedback reduced pectoralis major muscle activity significantly (p=.000) and increased the serratus anterior muscle activity significantly (p=.002), but did not induce a significant difference in upper trapezius muscle activity (p=.881). Thus, it is concluded that the visual and auditory feedback of pectoralis major muscle activity can be used to facilitate serratus anterior muscle activity during push-up plus.

In this study, a new, relatively simple fabrication method for forming a mesoporous Al(OH)3 film onAl substrates was demonstrated. This method, i.e., alkali surface modification, was simply comprised of dippingthe substrate in a 5×10-3M NaOH solution at 80oC for one minute and then immersing it in boiling waterfor 30 minutes. After alkali surface modification, a mesoporous Al(OH)3 film was formed on the Al substrate,and its chemical state and crystal structure were confirmed by XPS and TEM. According to the results of theXPS analysis, the flake-like morphology after the alkali surface modification was mainly composed of Al(OH)3,with a small amount of Al2O3. The mesoporous Al(OH)3 layer was composed of three regions: an amorphous-rich region, a region of mixed amorphous and crystal domains, and a crystalline-rich region near the Al(OH)3layer surface. It was confirmed that the stabilization process in the alkali surface modification stronglyinfluenced the crystallization of the mesoporous Al(OH)3 layer.

This study aimed to compare 2 protocols recommended to patients with chronic cervical cord injury: each protocol included breathing exercises (inhalation-oriented or exhalation-oriented) and facilitation maneuver for the accessory respiratory muscles. Seventeen patients with chronic cervical cord injury volunteered to participate in this study, and we randomized these patients into 2 groups: the inhalation-oriented breathing exercise group (IOBEG) and exhalation-oriented breathing exercise group (EOBEG), consisting of 8 and 9 patients, respectively. Patients in the IOBEG performed inspiratory exercises using intermittent positive pressure breathing devices, while those in the EOBEG performed expiratory exercises using incentive spirometry. All exercises were performed by the subjects twice a day for 4 weeks, with each session lasting an average of 20 min. The outcomes were assessed on the basis of the pre- and post-treatment values of vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC. In the IOBEG, no significant differences were observed between the pre- and post-treatment values of any of the measured variables (p>.05); however, in the EOBEG, significant improvement was noted in the VC, FVC, FEV1 measured (p<.05) after the treatment. In addition, the rates of change in the values of VC, FVC, and FEV1 differed significantly between the 2 groups (p<.05). These findings suggest that the EOBEs can enhance respiratory function and are clinically feasible in patients with chronic cervical cord injury. Further studies will be undertaken to evaluate the clinical application of these findings.

본 연구의 목적은 첫째 최근 개발된 체육수업 정서경험 척도(김동환, 이병준, 2010)의 타당성을 검증하고 둘째 체육수업 정서경험과 성취목표성향과의 관계를 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해 서울시 소재의 00중학교에 재학중인 389명을 연구대상자로 선정하였다. 조사도구는 체육수업 정서경험 척도와 성취목표성향척도를 사용하였다. SPSS 12.0을 이용하여 평균 및 표준편차, 다변량분산분석(MANOVA)를 실시하였다. 또한, Amos 18.0을 이용하여 경로분석을 하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 만족도가 높은 학생들은 만족도가 낮은 학생들에 비해 행복, 희망, 자부심, 부러움, 동정, 안도, 감사를 많이 경험하고, 수치심은 만족도가 낮은 학생들이 더 많이 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 분노, 두려움, 슬픔, 죄책감 요인에는 만족도에 따른 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 성적이 높은 학생들은 성적이 낮은 학생들에 비해 행복, 희망, 자부심, 분노, 동정, 안도, 감사를 많이 경험하고, 성적이 낮은 학생들은 수치심을 더 많이 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 두려움, 슬픔, 부러움, 죄책감 요인은 성적에 따른 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 과제목표성향은 희망, 자부심, 안도가 높을수록 높아지는 것으로 나타났고, 자부심, 분노, 수치심, 부러움, 안도감이 높고 죄책감이 낮을수록 자아목표성향이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 만족도가 낮은 집단에서 부러움을 많이 경험하는 학생들은 자아목표성향이 감소하고, 성적이 높은 집단에서 안도감은 자아목표성향과 과제목표성향 모두를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 체육수업정서경험척도의 타당화와 체육수업에서 경험하는 개별정서가 학생들의 성취목표성향을 어떻게 형성하는지에 관하여 논의를 하였다.