Chung, Moo-joo, 1999. The Topicality of Prenominal Possessive Constructions. Studies in Modern Grammar 16, 101-117. This study was written to investigate the properties of the prenominal possessives with reference to Lagacker`s reference point analysis. On the reference point analysis, the prenominal possessive constructions invite the addressee to first evoke the possessor entity, which is introduced to serve as a reference point entity for the subsequent identification of the target entity, denoted by the possesses. That is, the possessor is invoked to facilitate the identification of the possesses, so the possessor needs to be more easily accessible, and to show higher topicality, than the possesses. There are, I suggest, two factors that are likely to render a concept cognitively accessible. In the first place, a concept is rendered accessible by the discourse context in which it occurs. This was referred to as givenness. Second, certain concepts, by their very nature, are inherently more accessible than other concepts, irrespective of discourse context. This aspect was referred to as humanness. The givenness and humanness of possessor nominals were confirmed in a quantitative study. The following conclusions were drawn concerning possessor nominals. a) Possessor nominals refer to entities mentioned in recently preceding text. b) Discourse topics tend to be amongst the preferred referents of possessor nominals. c) Possessor nominals are overwhelmingly definite. d) Pronominal forms are frequent. e) Human possessors serve as a reference point for inanimate possessees.

Chung Moo-Joo. 1998. Personal Pronouns and Their Speech Roles. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 12, 169-186. The referents of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns are not fixed, but shift according to the situation, as participants take turns to speak. This paper was written to describe a wide variety of social and political roles and stances of these inter-personal pronouns. The actual discourse referents for use are seemingly limitless its precise interpretation is dependent on the particular context of use. `Inclusive we` ostensibly implies joint activity; but in different contexts there is actually a greater pull either towards egocentricity [+ego] or a vocative function [+voc]. The most striking example of egocentric reference is the so-called `royal We` and `editorial use`, both representing the authority of the speaker. The `inclusive we` with its addressee role is used when the speakers feel solidarity with the subordinate addressees. Impersonal pronoun one, recently, is used as a socio- linguisticaly marked form of I among the upper class and royalty and their hangers-on. To refer to the addressee, the third person forms can be used, implying deference, distance, or intimacy. On the evidence of medieval and Early Modern English texts the polite form you was used to address a singular social superior and also a social equal among the upper class, leaving thou for address to a social inferior and for reciprocal address among the lower classes. There was, however, considerable fluctuation between you and thou in address to the same individual, even within the same utterance. This code-switching of you and thou frequently signals expressive shifts of feeling that are not easily explained by a power semantic.

Chung Moo-Joo. 1997. Functions of the Articles Related to Definiteness. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 10: 47-62. In this paper, it has been argued that the articles in English possess both a referential and an expressive function. So far, the studies of definiteness have been confined to a referential view of definiteness. All these approaches focus exclusively on the articles` contribution to reference, that is, on the way the articles help NPs establish the existence of and individuate entities in the universe of discourse. In addition to their referential function, however, the articles also possess an expressive function. In particular, the definite article can be used expressively as a marker of prominence, and the indefinite article can be used expressively as a means of de-emphasizing a referent`s individual identity. Evidence for these functions was drawn principally from the fact that different articles can often be used to describe the same objective situation. In particular, we examined discourses in which the could be used felicitously (for expressive reasons) even though α was referentially more appropriate (a basis for unique identifiability was lacking). We also examined discourses in which α could be used felicitously (for expressive reasons) even though the was referentially more appropriate.

Chung, Moo-Joo. 1996. Perceptual Strategies for the Spatial Expressions Related to `Front/Back` and `Left/Right` Orientation. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories, 8: 71-89. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the fact that spatial expressions linked with front/back and left/right have both deictic and non-deictic roles according as the specified reference point possesses any intrinsic orientational properties of direction. The results are as follow: First, native speakers of Korean tend to use a deictic strategy (regardless of any kind of dynamic feature) when the referent point does not possess any intrinsic front/back axis. It was observed, however, that a deictic strategy can still be used even when the specified reference point possesses orientational properties, if the uttenance context involves a kind of speaker-centering. Second, the shift between deictic and absolute strategies also occurs with spatial expressions involving `left` and `right`. Speakers of Korean tend to use a deictic strategy for the left/right orientation when the referent has the features of [-intrinsic front/back] and [-intrinsic left/right], whereas an absolute strategy is used for the reference point with intrinsic front/back and left/ right. The shift between these two strategies is confined to a deictic one when the referent object and the speaker are aligned in the same direction.