Honey used as conventional medicine has various pharmacological properties. In the honey and anti-inflammatory effect, Gelam honey and Manuka honey has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanisms of acacia honey (AH) are not well understood. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of AH in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH attenuated NO production through inhibition of iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH also decreased the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MCP-1 expression as a pro-inflammatory chemokine. In the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms, AH decreased LPS-mediated IκB-α degradation and subsequent nuclear accumulation of p65, which resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 cells. AH dose-dependently suppressed LPS-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, AH significantly inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of ATF2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that AH has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MCP-1 via interruption of the NF-κB and MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathways.

The purpose of the study is to explore whether input enhancement as a subtype of FonF can be proven feasible and productive as part of normal classroom work and whether it can assist in learners` long-term progress in English. 80 freshmen who enrolled general English at a Korean university were divided into an experimental group and a control group and read the text in one of two conditions: no enhancement, relative-clause enhancement. The results demonstrated the translation task scores obviously showed the effect of input enhancement. The enhanced text of relative-clause led to learning relative-clause as a target linguistic structure. Second, the effect of relative-clause enhancement text was significant on reading comprehension test as well as on translation task. The interesting result was that the effects on relative-clause learning and reading comprehension were retained in the follow-up posttest conducted four weeks later. The study proposed that learners` linguistic developmental system have been affected by the enhanced relative-clause text generated by learners` need and that their interlanguage system be reconstructed.