Background: Backward walking exercise may offer some unique and potentially beneficial differences compared with forward walking exercise. There is still a lack of research on backward walking exercises and forward head posture. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of backward walking exercise on college students forward head posture in their 20s. Methods: Twenty-one subjects participated in the experiment. The subjects were those with a craniovertebral angle (CVA) of 55 degrees or less who understood the purpose and method of this study and voluntarily agreed. A camera capable of taking pictures of the lateral plane was installed at a distance of 1.5 meters before exercising. Pictures were taken before walking backward, and after walking for 15 minutes on the treadmill, the images were taken in the same way. The composition of the backward walking exercise was walking at a rate of 1.0 for 5 minutes, and the remaining 10 minutes were walking at a rate of 1.5. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare CVA and craniorotational angle (CRA) before and after exercise. Results: As a result of this study, there was a significant difference in CVA before and after exercise (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in CRA before and after exercise (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The backward walking exercise and verbal command seems to have positively influenced the changes in CVA and CRA among college students in their 20s. It seems that studies to confirm balance or muscle activity as well as changes in forward head posture through the long-term intervention of the backward walking exercise should be conducted.

Background: Improvement of the lumbo-pelvic stability can reduce the compensatory action of the erector spinae (ES) during prone hip extension (PHE). Furthermore, the application of abdominal drawing-in (ADI) maneuver increases the action of gluteus maximus (GM) and decreases the action of ES during PHE by improving the lumbo-pelvic stability. However, the post-ADI exercise effects on PHE, not the real-time application of ADI maneuver, has not been studied. Objects: This study is aimed at investigating the post-ADI exercise effects on the muscle activities of GM and ES during PHE. Methods: A total of 24 female adults participated in the study, and they were divided into two groups: Those with normal abdominal muscles (n1=12) and those with weak abdominal muscles (WA) (n2=12). Before the intervention, the subjects’ GM and ES muscle activities during PHE were measured. Subsequently, the two groups were asked to perform the ADI exercise for 10 minutes. After the ADI exercise, the GM and ES activities were equally measured during PHE. Results: The comparison result of the ES muscle activities before intervention shows a significant difference between the two groups (p<.05); the WA group showed higher muscle activities than the normal group. For the within-group comparison, the muscle activities of the ES in the WA group significantly decreased after the ADI exercise (p<.05). For the GM muscle activity, no significant difference was observed in all comparisons (p>.05). For the changes in muscle activities before and after the ADI exercise, a significant difference exists between the two groups only for the changes in ES activities (p<.05); WA group exhibits higher changes than the normal group. By contrast, no significant difference exists between the two groups for the changes in GM activities (p>.05). Conclusion: After the ADI exercise, the compensatory action of ES in the female adults with WC is implied to decrease during PHE.

Background: Improvement of lumbo-pelvic stability can reduce the compensatory action of the quadratus lumborum (QL) and selectively strengthen the gluteus medius (GM) during side-lying hip abduction (SHA). There are abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) and abdominal bracing (AB) as active ways, and pelvic compression belt (PCB) as a passive way to increase of lumbo-pelvic stability. It is necessary to compare how these stabilization methods affect the selective strengthening of the GM. Objects: To investigate the effects of ADIM, AB, and PCB during SHA on the electromyography (EMG) activity of the GM, QL, external oblique (EO) and internal oblique (IO), and the GM/QL EMG activity ratio. Methods: A total of 20 healthy male adults participated in the study. The subjects performed three conditions in side-lying in random order: SHA with ADIM (SHA-ADIM), SHA with AB (SHA-AB), and SHA with PCB (SHA-PCB). To compare the differences among the three conditions, the EMG activities of the GM, QL, EO and IO, and GM/QL EMG activity ratio were analyzed using one-way repeated ANOVA. Results: The EMG activity of the QL was significantly higher in SHA-AB than in SHA-ADIM and SHA-PCB. The GM/QL activity ratio was significantly higher in SHA-PCB than in SHA-ADIM and SHA-AB. In addition, the figure for SHA-ADIM was significantly higher than that for SHA-AB. In the case of the EO, the figure for SHA-AB was significantly higher than corresponding values for the other two conditions. The figure for SHA-ADIM was significantly higher than that for SHA-PCB. The EMG activity of the IO was significantly higher in SHA-AH than in SHA-PCB. Conclusion: It can be suggested that wearing the PCB can more selectively strengthen the GM than to perform ADIM and AB during SHA. In addition, the ADIM can be recommended when there is a need to strengthen abdominal muscles during SHA.

본 연구는 국내 실정에 맞는 양지붕형 온실을 대상으로 풍동 실험을 통해 간척지 풍환경 조건에 대하여 온실의 풍압 측정 지점별 풍압 계수를 평가하고 관련 기준과 비교하여 그 특성을 분석하였으며, 풍압의 면적 평균으로부터 온실 설계용 풍압 계수 및 국부 풍압 계수를 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 풍향 0도 (용마루 직각 방향)에 대한 풍압계수를 검토한 결과, KBC2009의 경우 온실의 단부에 대한 풍압 계수를 과소평가하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, NENEN2002의 경우 온실의 단부를 포함한 모든 부위에서 풍압계수를 과소평가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. (2) 풍향 90도 (용마루 방향)에 대한 풍압 계수를 검토 한 결과, KBC2009, NEN-EN2002의 경우 온실에 작용 하는 풍압 분포 특성을 적절히 반영하고 있지 못한 것으로 나타났다. AIJ2004와 같이 풍압 분포 특성에 따라 풍상측 온실 끝단 1, 2단부 및 풍하측 등 온실의 각 부위에 따라 풍압 계수를 구분하여 제시하는 것이 가장 바람직한 것으로 나타났다. (3) 온실에 작용하는 풍향별 풍압 계수를 분석한 결과, 온실과 같은 구조물에 있어서 국부적인 풍압의 영향을 받는 피복재 (covering), 창틀 (glazing bar)등의 설계에 이와 같은 국부 풍압의 영향을 고려해야 할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. (4) 온실에 작용하는 풍압 계수의 면적 평균으로부터 온실 부위별 설계용 풍압계수 및 국부 풍압계수를 제시 하였다. 이상의 결과와 같이 비교적 높이가 낮고 길이가 긴 온실의 경우, 관련기준 KBC2009 및 AIJ2004는 온실의 각 부분에 대한 풍압 계수를 적절히 반영하고 있지 못한 것으로 나타났으며, 다양한 온실에 대한 풍동 실험 결과를 토대로 간척지 설치 온실에 대한 설계 기준을 마련 할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 향후 연구 과제로는 다양한 온실 형태에 따른 풍압 계수 분포 특성을 분석 하고 온실 설계를 위한 풍압 계수를 제시함으로써, 온실 설계 기준의 정립을 위한 기초 자료를 축적하고자 한다.

We review recent observational results on early type galaxies obtained with high spatial resolution Chandra data. With its unprecedented high spatial resolution, Chandra reveals many intriguing features in early type galaxies which were not identified with the previous X-ray missions. In particular, various fine structures of the hot ISM in early type galaxies are detected, for example, X-ray cavities which are spatially coincident with radio jets/lobes, indicating the interaction between the hot ISM and radio jets. Also point sources (mostly LMXBs) are individually resolved down to Lx = a few x 10 37 erg sec-1 and it is for the first time possible to unequivocally investigate their properties and the X-ray luminosity function. After correcting for incompleteness, the XLF of LMXBs is well reproduced by a single power law with a slope of -1.0 - -1.5, which is in contrast to the previous report on the existence of the XLF break at Lx, Eddington = 2 x 10 38 erg sec-1 (i.e., Eddington luminosity of a neutron star binary). Carefully considering both detected and undetected, hidden populations of point sources we further discuss the XLF of LMXBs and the metal abundance of the hot ISM and their impact on the properties of early type galaxies.

We review recent systematic investigation of the X-ray spectra of early type galaxies by using the Einstein data base and present new results by the ROSAT observations. The Einstein data suggested that the galaxies with low X-ray to optical luminosity ratio may have another very soft component. ROSAT observations confirm its presence and call for further study to understand the nature of this very soft emission. The X-ray bright galaxies have emission temperature of ∼0.8keV ∼0.8keV and show radial gradients in the sense that X-ray emission is softer and more absorbed in the inner region.

We have systematically investigated the X-ray spectra of normal galaxies, by using the Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) data in the Einstein data base. We employed the X-ray color-color plot as well as the standard model fitting method which requires higher signal to noise ratio. We discuss X-ray emission mechanisms in terms of their spectral properties and the signature of cooling flows which are most likely present in X-ray bright early type galaxies. On the average, fits to absorbed thermal spectra show that the X-ray emission temperature of spirals is higher than that of ellipticals. This is consistent with our understanding that accreting binaries are a major X-ray source in spirals, while extended gaseous halos are present in ellipticals. The emission temperature becomes lower with increasing X-ray to optical luminosity ratio in E and S0 galaxies. This result is what we would expect if the emission of X-ray faint early type galaxies consists of a large evolved stellar component, while the gaseous emission becomes dominant in X-ray brighter galaxies. We also find a cool, self-absorbed core in some early type galaxies, which directly indicates the presence of cooling flows in such galaxies.