In 3D games, the deferred rendering is an effective way in processing realistic visual effects using multiple render targets regardless of the scene complexity. In this paper, based on deferred rendering using multiple render targets, the 3D game visual effect techniques such as dynamic lights, specular, shadow, motion blur, and water shading are compared and analysed. The 3D game supporting deferred rendering is developed to evaluate various 3D rendering effects with variation of the size of the render target memory in terms of the rendering speed. The performance results show that the rendering speed of the 3D visual effect techniques with 4bytes render target memory is average 1.4 and 1.9 times better than those of 8bytes and 16bytes memories, respectively. Also, the shadow mapping with 2-pass plays the biggest role on the performance. Other techniques with 1-pass cause a negligible speed degradation.

3D 게임에서 오브젝트의 위치를 파악하거나 사실감을 높이기 위하여 광원의 시점에서 정점 의 깊이 값을 계산하는 그림자 매핑 기법이 많이 사용된다. 그림자 맵의 깊이 값은 월드 좌표 를 통해 계산되기 때문에 월드 좌표가 변하지 않는 정적 오브젝트는 깊이 값을 갱신할 필요가 없다. 본 논문에서는, (1) 렌더링 속도를 향상시키기 위하여 한번만 저장하는 정적 오브젝트 깊 이 값과 매번 갱신하는 동적 오브젝트의 깊이 값을 다중 렌더 타겟을 이용하여 따로 관리한다. 또한 (2) 쿼터 뷰 기반 3D 게임에서 동적 오브젝트 그림자 품질을 높이기 위하여 광원의 위치 가 카메라를 따라다니며 동적 오브젝트에 가깝게 변동한다. 제안하는 방법의 효율성을 3D 게임 의 다양한 정적 및 동적 오브젝트 구성에 따른 실험을 통하여 검증하였다.

Hydrologic responses to variations in storm direction provide useful information for the analysis and prediction of floods and the development of watershed management strategies. However, the prediction of hydrologic responses to changes in storm direction is a difficult task that requires meteorological simulations and extensive computation. It is also difficult to identify the center of rotation of a storm affecting a basin of interest. Therefore, we propose a simple approach of rotating the basin position relative to the storm within the rainfall-runoff simulation model instead of changing the pathway of the storm, which we term the Basin Rotation Method (BRM). The proposed BRM was tested on four major typhoon events in South Korea. The results illustrated that the original basin orientation (i.e., before it was rotated) exhibits earlier and higher peak discharge and earlier recession compared to the basin after rotation. We conclude that the proposed method (BRM) is a viable alternative for use in assessing the directional influence of moving storms on floods caused by historical rather than hypothetical storm events.