In this study, the effect of daily short-distance walking exercise on milk production and metabolic status of the lactating dairy cows was investigated. The experiment was conducted with 10 lactating dairy cows comprising 2 groups (5 dairy cows/group), which were walking activity and non-walking activity. The walking activity (WA) group lactating dairy cows walked outdoors for 1 km/d, and the non-walking activity (non-WA) lactating dairy cows were maintained within a cowshed from 18thApril to30th May. The activity volume of the neck was not significantly different between the groups, but the activity volume of the leg was higher in WA group compared with non-WA (p<0.05). The rectal temperature was higher in the WA group (38.6 ℃) compared with non-WA (38.2 ℃) (p<0.05). No significant differences in dietary NE intake, milk production and milk composition were found between the groups. The plasma cortisol concentration was higher in WA group (2.14 μg/dl) compared to non-WA (0.95 μg/dl) (p<0.05). However, plasma cortisol level of WA dairy cows was significantly decreased as compared with non-WA cows. On the contrary, the level of plasma melatonin was increased in WA cows than that of non-WA dairy cows. It may be interpreted as a change in physical fitness. From this study, we suggest that walking activity can be improved energy balance. Further investigation is needed to determine whether different combinations of distance, rate or doing in morning or afternoon will stimulate energy balance.

At the time of the end of 2013, public sewage treatment facilities running nationwide facility capacity to over the 500 m³/day is 569 places at 25,085,810 m³/day, less than 500 m³/day facility capacity to 3,205 places is 244,592 m³/day. This is increased by about 2% annually in sewer diffusion rate 78.8% from 2003 to 2013 increased to 92.1%, but due to factors such as an increase in population. Also, every year changes in the inflow rate and the inflow sewage of concentration of sewage treatment facilities, has increased continuously. The concentration of organic matter in the sewage thus generated, which is removed by sewage treatment process, the most important process in the second process is a biological process. Most biological processes, maintaining DO, pH, and the environment of operation by a temperature sensor. But if you have these sensors to the original, there is a disadvantage that it is impossible to monitor the state of the microorganisms directly. And, therefore, in this study, we tried to study the possibility by direct measurement method the state of the microorganisms of activated sludge was used intermittently investigation and deviation capture of NADH of the light source of the biological reaction tank. In this study, measured is installed a detector capable deviation capture detection by a light source is irradiated to the fluorescence due to the reaction of NADH in microorganisms in light source unit and 460 nm which can be intermittently irradiated with UV at 340 nm, and devices, profile is made to be composed of a passage for receiving the fluorescence emitted microorganisms by irradiation with UV light microorganisms size diameter 200 mm, length 740 mm. Biological reactor of interest, and the activated sludge biological reaction tank of Gyeonggi A City sewage treatment plant to the subject, measurement points, was carried out in the total of four locations. The sensor was calibrated in the same conditions as zero state laboratory, this time when the NAD based on the water 0.2 m point current (A) is 50 mA, 100 mA, 200 mA, respectively 26, 48, 84.5 has been measured in the (intensity value). This is according to the increase in current value. Intensity also proportionally increased, is determined as indicating a direct electrical reception may show the ease of measurement. Also, salvaged and re-invasion enemy repeatedly re-dipping after, shows the Intensity value of 84.1 at 200 mA, it was found that the reproducibility is good. The results were tested using an actual immersion light measuring device using the intermittent investigation and variance capture method from bioreactor wastewater treatment plants in operation, changes in the value of the change in star Intensity of current, as the load is high, higher and the current value increases, the proportional is increased it is determined that the reproducibility is good, and those entering least a light source and the detection consumable parts rain due to the previous year and maintain than investigation and detection methods continuous light source.

This study was carried out to compare the major volatile components in essential oil from different origin of Atractylodes spp. which is being traded as a crude herbal drug in Korean herbal markets. From the two Atractylodes of major volatile components were similarly detected such as the β-selinene, β-sesquiphellandrene, germacrene B, 2,7-dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene and 9-methoxy-2,3-dihydrofuro3,2-qcoumarin. Among the volatile components, the major components were 2,7-dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene (40.98%), 9-methoxy-2,3-dihydrofuro 3,2-q coumarin (15.74%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (1.98%) in both Atractylodes. As a results, It was found that the two Atractylodes were the same species which was being traded in the Korean herbal markets as the A. japonica. not to different species of A. japonica and A. macrocephalla, respectively.

This study was carried out to establish an optimum method for identifying the volatile components of Magnolia ovobata Thunb. using the dynamic headspace (Purge & Trap) and simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) method. Between the two different identification analysis, the volatile components were more easily detected in the SDE than the Purge & Trap method. Among the identified volatile components, the 12 compounds were detected to have similar retention times and match quality within the 45 minutes in both identification methods. The maximum values of the major volatile components were detected differently by SDE and (Purge & Trap) method such as α-pinene (3.4, 18.2%), β-pinene (3.5, 10.3%), l-limonene (5.2, 15.4%). These results indicated that the Dynamic Headspace (Purge & Trap) was much more reliable method for identifying the volatile components of Magnolia ovobata Thunb. as compared to the SDE method.

The various plant organs of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) were investigated to identify their volatile components using Dynamic Headspace (purge & trap). They showed slight differences concerning the volatile components both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results revealed that trans-anethole (12.65%) was the major compound in the leaf. The highest compound was α-pinene (28.78%), and trans-anethole (7.90%) was highly detected in the stem. The maximum values were 5.64, 4.59, 1.58, 1.51, and 1.04% for α-pinene, γ-terpinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineol and fenchone, respectively in the flower. However, very little trans-anethole was detected (0.27%) in the flower. From these results, it was suggested that the major components were different depending on the plant organs. However it was demonstrated that the related plant organs like flower-fruit and leaf-stem contained the similar components.

This study was carried out to get basic information about the morphological and production characteristics of fennel populations different origin under different ecological conditions in Hungary. The Korean population can be registered as a medium high genotype and showed a more accelerated growth characters than Hungarian taxon and the two populations have a medium homogeneity (CV = 4~22%). In the second year plant height in Hungarian taxon was significantly higher than that of the Korean population. The shooting dynamic of individual plants might be heterogeneous in both taxa and the Korean population was not only shorter in the height but had also less shoots by 16% than the Hungarian one. The Hungarian taxon exceeded the umbel size and numbers to the Korean one (by 3.62 cm in the average) and the variability in the populations was high (CV = 29~49%). Seed size was proved to be also a discriminative feature between the examined taxa. With small deviations (CV 〈 2) the Hungarian population produced seeds longer by 38%. Homogeneity in the populations was dependent more on the vegetation years and on the characteristics measured but less on the origins, respectively.

The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and their composition determined capillary GC method with standards. The essential oil content showed significant differences between the two populations on the vegetative organs. The essential oil level of the leaves and roots was considerably higher in the Korean population at full flowering and waxy ripening stage but essential oil content of the roots was significantly higher in the Hungarian taxon at leaf rosette stage. We observed the essential oil accumulation tendency was mianly dependent on plant organs and intra-specific taxon during the vegeation period. Butylidene-phthalide was proved to be the main component of the oil in both population roots (50.9-73.3%), while dimethyl-acetate was showed as a major compound on the over-ground parts (56.7-62.0%). The qualitative composition of the essential oil in the reproductive organs concerning the identified compounds was the same as the vegetative parts with the main component α-phellandrene (4.8-28.1%) and butylidene-phtalide (9.7-16.1%), The quantitative composition showed some changes during the ontogenesis phases. Most characteristic ones are the decreasing proportion of dimethyl-acetate (from 7.3% to 1.1%) and the appearance of α-pinene (from 0.5% to 1.5%) only after fruit setting in both population.