양자점의 리간드 교환을 통해 절대양자효율과 안정성이 향상되는 현상에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 곁가지 구조를 가지는 리간드로서 2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate를 사용한 표면 부동태화를 통해 올레이트 리간드를 곁가지 티올 리간드로 교환하였다. 곁가지 구조의 티올 리간드는 패로브스카이트 양자점의 Br 결함을 채워 절대양자효율이 30%에 서 80%로 급격히 향상되었다. 또한 용액상에서 안정성이 우수하고 필름 평가에서도 광학 특성이 향상됨을 확인하였다. FT-IR 분석을 통해 티올 리간드가 올레이트 리간드를 떼어내고 패로브스카이트 양자점 표면에 붙음을 확인하였고 XRD 분석을 통해 교환된 티올 리간드가 결정 구조를 변형시키지 않음을 확인하였다.

목적 : 본 연구는 지역사회 거주 고령자의 건강과 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 다면적 라이프스타일을 측정할 수 있는 라이프스타일 프로파일 개발을 위하여 구성요소를 도출 하고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 2019년 1월부터 2019년 2월까지 노인과 라이프스타일에 관련된 전문가 패널 13명에게 델파 이 기법을 사용하여 의견을 수렴하였다. 본 연구는 총 3차에 걸쳐 설문조사를 수행하였다. 1차 델파이 설문에는 문헌고찰을 근거로 라이프스타일에 대한 정의와 노인의 다면적 라이프스타일을 측정하기 위한 구성요소에 대해 개방형과 폐쇄형 질문을 혼합하여 전문가의 의견을 수렴하였다. 2차 델파이 조사에서는 1차 설문 결과를 반영하여 중복 항목 삭제, 수정 및 재구조화 하였다. 3차 델파이 조사는 2차 설문조사의 응답을 전문가 패널에게 제시한 후 전문가의 의견을 최종 수렴하였다. 결과 : 1차 델파이 결과에서 노인의 다면적 라이프스타일 프로파일 관련 항목으로 총 66개의 항목이 도출되었다. 이후 연구 저자들의 중복 항목 삭제, 수정 및 보완을 거쳐 총 27개의 항목이 도출되었다. 2차 델파이 결과는 내용 타당도 비율 .54를 이하의 값을 보인 5개의 항목 중 연구자 간의 합의에 따라 3개 의 항목만을 삭제하여 총 24개의 항목이 도출되었다. 최종 3차 델파이에서는 총 3항목이 내용 타당도 비율 .54 이하로 선정되었으나, 문헌고찰과 연구자 간의 합의에 근거하여, 최종적으로 24개의 항목을 선 정하였다. 델파이 결과의 평균 내용 타당도 비율은 .83, 안정도는 .14, 수렴도는 .18, 합의도는 .88로 높 게 분석되었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 노인의 다면적 라이프스타일을 측정할 수 있는 항목들을 개발하였으며, 관련 평가 항목의 내용 타당도를 검증하였다. 향후 노인의 다면적 프로파일 개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of distance measurements from the medial border of the scapula to the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae when obtained using tape and photography measurements. The study included 20 healthy subjects (10 males, 10 females); for a total of 40 scapula measurements. The distance measurements made using tape or photography methods were conducted with the subject in a standing position. Repeated tape and photography measurements were conducted in two sessions on different days by two examiners to assess the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the two methods. The reliability of scapular distance measured using tape and photography methods was tested using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(3,1)) and the standard error of measurement (SEM). The inter-rater reliability of the tape measurement method was excellent (ICC=.77) and the intra-rater reliability was fair to good (ICC=.74). The inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the photography measurement method were excellent (ICC=.76 and .76 respectively). Our results suggest that photography measurement is an objective and qualitative measurement tool for scapular distance measurements.

The lumbar multifidus muscle, which can be separated into deep fascicles (DM) and superficial fascicles (SM), is important for lumbar segmental stability. However, no previous studies have investigated the effect of lumbar stabilization exercises on the thickness of DM and SM. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess DM thickness after three different lumbar segmental stabilization exercises. In total, 30 healthy male participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three exercise groups: hollowing in the quadruped position (H-Quad), contralateral arm and leg lift (CALL), and bilateral arm and leg lift (BALL). Each lumbar segmental stabilization exercise was conducted over 4 weeks. Ultrasonography was used to compare the DM and SM thickness before and after the 4 weeks of exercise. A mixed-model analysis of variance using Scheffe's post-hoc test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed a significant effect for the measurement time (before vs. after 4 weeks of exercise) in the DM (F=31.26, p<.05) and SM (F=4.56, p<.05). At the end of the 4 weeks, the DM thickness had increased significantly in the H-Quad exercise group, and the SM thickness had increased significantly in the CALL and BALL exercise groups. Also in the BALL exercise group, the SM thickness was greater compared with that in the H-Quad exercise group. These findings suggest that the thickness of the DM and SM were increased by different types of lumbar segmental stability exercise after 4 weeks.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of two types of stretching extensor carpi radialis on the visual analog scale (VAS), pressure-pain thresholds (PPTs), grip strength (GS), and strength of wrist extensor (SWE) in patients with lateral epicondylalgia. Sixteen patients with lateral epicondylalgia were recruited for this study and randomly assigned to two groups; the conventional stretching group (CS) and the stretching of proximal functional massage group (PFM); the VAS, PPTs, GS, and SWE were measured before and after the intervention. Over a period of stretching exercises were performed for five minutes per day, five days per week. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to determine the statistical differences in the VAS, PPTs, GS, and SWE (pre- and post-test). The Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the effects of stretching exercises between the CS and PFM groups. The results of this study demonstrated that in the PFM group, the PPTs, GS, and SWE significantly increased, and the VAS decreased (p<.05). In the CS group, the VAS and GS increased significantly after the three-week intervention (p<.05). Pain was decreased and strength (GS and SWE) was increased in the PFM group, compared to the CS group (p<.05). The findings of this study indicate that PFM technique can be applied for decreasing pain and increasing the GS and SWE in patients with lateral epicondylalgia.

The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement of manual muscle testing (MMT) and test-retest reliability of a hand held dynamometer for the posterior gluteus medius muscle, with and without lumbar stabilization, using a pressure biofeedback unit for patients with low back pain. The pressure biofeedback unit was used to minimize the substitute motion of the lumbopelvic region during hip abduction in patients lying on their side. Fifteen patients with low back pain participated in this study. A tester determined the MMT grades of the posterior gluteus medius with and without the pressure biofeedback unit. Active hip abduction range of motion with an inclinometer and the strength of their posterior gluteus medius using a hand held dynamometer were measured with and without the pressure biofeedback unit in the MMT position. The agreement of the grade of muscle strength in the MMT, and intra-rater reliability of both the active hip abduction range of motion and the strength of posterior gluteus medius were analyzed using the weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. The agreement of MMT with the pressure biofeedback unit (weighted kappa=.92) was higher than the MMT (weighted kappa=.34)(p<.05). The inclinometer with pressure biofeedback unit measurement of the active hip abduction range of motion had an excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC=.90). Also, the hand held dynamometer with pressure biofeedback unit measure of strength of the posterior gluteus medius had a good intra-rater reliability (ICC=.85). Therefore, the test for muscle strength with pressure biofeedback unit will be a reliable method for the determination of the MMT grades or amount of posterior gluteus medius muscle strength and the measurement of the range of motion for hip abduction in patients with low back pain.

The purpose of this study was to compare electromyography (EMG) activity for the middle and lower trapezius muscle according to various shoulder abduction angles. Thirty healthy male subjects were recruited for this study. Each subject performed three repetitions of horizontal abduction at 75˚, 90˚, 125˚, 160˚, and 180˚ of shoulder abduction angle in a prone position. Surface EMG activity was recorded from the middle and lower trapezius while the subjects held for five seconds at a predetermined position. The EMG activity was normalized using the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) elicited using a manual muscle testing technique. A repeatedly measured ANOVA was performed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. The EMG activity of the middle and lower trapezius was significantly different among shoulder abduction angles (p<.05). The greatest level of muscle activity for the middle and lower trapezius were demonstrated at and of shoulder abduction angle, respectively. These results suggest that middle and lower trapezius strengthening exercise and manual muscle testing should be performed at different shoulder abduction angles.

The aim of this study was to compare electromyography activity for long and lateral heads of triceps brachii muscle according to forearm positions during different triceps strengthening exercises. The muscle activities for long and lateral head of triceps brachii were measured by surface electromyography. Fifteen healthy volunteers participated for this study and performed elbow extension in three different elbow extension exercises (elbow extension in a supine position; EES, elbow extension with shoulder abduction at 90 degrees in a prone position; EESA, and elbow extension with one arm at the side of the trunk in a prone position; EESP) and forearm positions (supination, neutral, and pronation). A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the effects of the exercise positions and forearm positions. The EMG activities of the long head of the triceps brachii increased significantly during EESP with forearm supination, whereas the activity of the lateral head of the triceps brachii increased significantly during EESA with the forearm in a neutral position (p<.05). The results of this study suggest that exercise positions and forearm positions should be considered for selectively strengthening the long and lateral heads of triceps brachii muscles.

To reduce winging scapula, various exercise protocols have been widely used by clinicians. Selective serratus anterior strengthening, and restoring balanced function, are especially recommended to reduce winging scapula. The purpose of this study was to investigate visual biofeedback using a real time video camera display system for monitoring scapular winging during arm lowering. For this study, 13 males with winging scapular were recruited during arm lowering. Electromyography (EMG) activity was recorded from the serratus anterior (SA) and upper trapezius (UT) of the right side and compared with normal EMG activity using a paired t-test. The study showed, through visual biofeedback, that EMG activity significantly increased in the SA and significantly decreased in the UT (p<.05). These results suggest that visual biofeedback can be recommended as an effective method for scapular eccentric control, to prevent scapular winging during arm lowering.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of muscle fatigue in elbow flexors on the sense of force reproduction. Fifteen healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Maximum voluntary force (MVF) of elbow flexor muscles was measured by a digital tensiometer. Force errors were measured to test accuracy of the sense of force reproduction in elbow flexors. The subject was required to flex the elbow joint, to maintain and concentrate on about 20% of the MVF target force under visual feedback for 3 seconds. After a 5 second period rest, the subject was asked to duplicate the target force actively. Muscle fatigue was evoked with isometric contraction of the elbow flexors. Isometric contraction was continued until a 50% drop in MVF. The difference, in kilogram between the target force and the reproduced force was calculated for measuring force error. Force errors were compared between the non-fatigued condition and the fatigued condition by the paired t-test. Force errors were significantly increased in the fatigued condition compare to non-fatigued condition. This result suggests that the sense of force reproduction can be disturbed by localized muscle fatigue.

This paper presents a column-climbing robot with a mechanical manipulator, which can spirally go up and down a column using wheels. The developed robot can do useful works using the manipulator at the top of a column, e.g., electric pole while communicating wirelessly with an operator panel. It is driven using a battery without any power cables, and the average duration of power is at least one hour. The robot has a function to detect a work object using an optical sensor installed at the bottom of the manipulator. The spirally column-climbing robot developed is demonstrated by experimental works and also by showing it at an exhibition.