수국은 수국과(Hydrangeaceae) 수국속(Hydrangea)의 낙엽관목 식물로 크고 화려한 화형을 가져 절화, 분화 및 조 경수로 전세계적 인기가 있는 식물이다. 나무수국은 수국 (H. macrophylla)과 비교하여 삽목율이 낮은 것으로 알려져 있지만 나무수국의 묘목생산을 위한 삽목 연구 및 두 종간 삽목율 차이 원인 규명에 관한 연구는 미미하다. 본 연구는 IBA(Indol-3-butyric acid) 500mg·L-1 처리시 삽수의 침지 시간에 따른 삽목율 조사를 통해 적정 호르몬 처리 시간을 제 시하고 나무수국과 수국의 해부학적 구조 관찰을 통한 삽목율 차이 발생의 원인을 규명하고자 실시하였다. 나무수국의 적정 호르몬 처리 시간을 규명하기 위해 IBA 500mg·L-1을 무처 리, 30분, 2시간, 4시간 침지처리를 하였다. 종간 삽목율 차이 발생의 원인 규명을 위해 나무수국과 수국의 줄기 단면과 삽 목 후 시간 경과에 따른 발근을 해부학적으로 관찰하였다. 연 구의 결과 나무수국의 삽목시 IBA 500mg·L-1에 2시간 이상 침지처리가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 발근율이 높고 발생 뿌리 수가 가장 많았다. 또, 나무수국의 삽목율이 수국과 비교하여 낮은 것은 줄기의 세포 구조상 방사조직의 형태, 섬유세포의 밀도, 도관의 발달, 전분 함유 세포의 수 등에 차이가 관찰되 었고 이러한 세포 구조적 차이들의 영향으로 나무수국이 수국 보다 삽목 후 뿌리 조직 세포분열이 7일 늦게 시작되는 것이 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 나무수국의 삽목 번식의 기초 자료로 활용되어 묘목 생산 효율 증대에 활용되길 바란다.

Emojis and avatars are widely used in online communications, but their emotional conveyance lacks research. This study aims to contribute to the field of emotional expression in computer-mediated communication (CMC) by exploring the effectiveness of emotion recognition, the intensity of perceived emotions, and the perceived preferences for emojis and avatars as emotional expression tools. The following were used as stimuli: 12 photographs from the Yonsei-Face database, 12 Memojis that reflected the photographs, and 6 iOS emojis. The results of this study indicate that emojis outperformed other forms of emotional expression in terms of conveying emotions, intensity, and preference. Indeed, the study findings confirm that emojis remain the dominant form of emotional signals in CMC. In contrast, the study revealed that Memojis were inadequate as an expressive emotional cue. Participants did not perceive Memojis to effectively convey emotions compared with other forms of expression, such as emojis or real human faces. This suggests room for improvement in the design and implementation of Memojis to enhance their effectiveness in accurately conveying intended emotions. Addressing the limitations of Memojis and exploring ways to optimize their emotional expressiveness necessitate further research and development in avatar design.

Currently, Korea is planning to use various equipments and technologies for cutting, decontamination, compression, solidification, and packaging at decommissioning site of Kori unit 1 and Wolsung unit 1. In particular, Korea is considering to apply new technologies like inorganic acid decontamination, spent resion treatment technology not only to localize various decommissioning technology, but to meet the limit of 14,500 drums of the decommissioning waste per unit. However, before the techniques applied to decommissioning, it is necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness and the safety of the techniques. Because unlike the industrial fields, the failure of the decommissioning technique in nuclear power plants can cause the spread or leakage of radioactive materials. In the「Regulation on Technical Standards for Nuclear Reactor Facilities, Etc.」is stated that the licensee shall apply proven technology to decommissioning and if the licensee apply new technology, he must provide resonable evidence and prove its safety. In accordance with this approach, Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) Notice No. 2021-24 can be applied to the decommissioning technology as one of a technical standard related with the demonstration of it. And it states 9 kinds of elements related to the radioactive waste management facilites and components like the management of radioactive effluents, prevention of contamination and overflow by radioactive materials, etc. But, they are mixed with the radioactive material considerations and industrial considerations, and these considerations are usually for the facilities, not equipments or techniques. On the other hand, in the IAEA Safety Standards Series No. WS-G-2.1 Section 6.15 to 6.20, it recommended to evaluate 12 considerations for the decontamination technique and 7 considerations for the dismantling techniques. The Decommissioning Guide in Germany recommends to consider 3 conditions for radiation protection of decontamination techniques and 4 conditions for dismantling techniques. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the safety requirements or recommendations related to the demonstration of decommissioning technology with the other countries to check there is something to learn from it.

There is a large amount of radioactive waste in waste storage in the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Some of the radioactive waste was generated during the dismantling process due to Korea Research Reactor 1&2 and it accounts for 20% of the total waste. Radioactive waste must be reduced by appropriate disposal methods to secure storage space and to reduce disposal costs. Research Reactor wastes include wastes that are below the acceptable criteria for selfdisposal and non-contaminated wastes, so they can be treated as wastes subject to self-disposal through contamination analysis and reclassification. In order to deregulation radioactive waste, it is necessary to meet the self-disposal standards stipulated in the Domestic Nuclear Act and the treatment standards of the Waste Management Act. The main factors of deregulation are surface contaminant, radionuclide activity and dose assessment. To confirm the contamination of waste, surface contaminant and gamma nuclide analysis were performed. After homogenizing the waste sample, it was placed in 1 L Mariinelli beaker. When collecting waste samples, 1 kg per 200 kg of waste was collected. The concentrations of the major radionuclides Co-60, Cs-134, Cs-137, Eu-152, and Eu-154 were analyzed using HPGe detector. To evaluate radiation dose, various computational programs were used. A dose assessment was performed with the analyzed nuclide concentration. The concentrations of representative nuclides satisfied the deregulation acceptance criteria and the results of the dose assessment corresponding to self-disposal method was also satisfied. Based on this results, KAERI submitted the report on waste self-disposal plan to obtain approval. After final approval, Research Reactor waste is to be incinerated and incineration ash is to be buried in the designated place. Some metallic waste has been recycled. In this study, the suitability of deregulation for self-disposal was confirmed through the evaluation of the surface contaminant analysis, radionuclide concentration analysis and dose assessment.

As part of the preparation of a glossary of terminologies related to the disposal of spent nuclear fuel, definitions of potentially issuable terminologies used in domestic regulations were inferred from relevant regulations or comparatively analyzed with foreign definitions. These terminologies are safety assessment and performance assessment, safety function and safety performance, disposal containers and package, isolation and containment, and so on. Their concise and easy-to-understand definitions have been proposed in order to obtain these opinions of stakeholders.

유기농 생태농업단지 논에서 출현하는 수서곤충의 생태자원 분포 특성을 비교하고자 유기농 단지 논에 둠벙 이 있는 조건과 둠벙이 없는 조건에서의 수서곤충상을 조사하여 관행 논의 분포 특성을 비교하였다. 수서곤충 출현은 둠벙이 있는 유기농 논 5목 15과 26종 413개체, 둠벙이 없는 유기농 논 5목 14과 22종 236개체, 관행 논 5목 11과 16종 155개체로 유기농 논에서 관행 논에 비해 수서곤충의 출현 과, 종 및 출현 개체수가 많았고, 유기농 논에서도 둠벙이 있는 조건에서 종수 및 개체수가 많음을 확인하였다. 특히 잠자리목의 경우 유기농 논 4과 8종 134개체, 둠벙이 없는 유기농 논 3과 5종 35개체, 관행 논 2과 4종 12개체로 전체 출현 종의 발생특성과 유사한 경향을 보였는데, 유기농 재배의 특성상 농약의 피해로부터 수서곤충에 안전한 환경이 조성된 점과 둠벙의 담수 및 다양한 수서생물의 발생으로 수서곤충의 서식조건에 유리하게 작용되었다고 보인다. 반면 파리목에서는 둠벙이 있는 유기농 논 3과 3종 18개체, 둠벙이 없는 유기농 논 3과 3종 25개체로 관행 논 2과 2종 24개체보다 발생양상이 다른 수서곤충에 비해 상대적으로 낮고, 관행 논보다 깔다구류의 개체수 19개체보다 각각 6개체, 12개체로 적게 출현한 점에서 유기농 재배유형과 둠벙의 서식처 제공이 수서곤충의 출현 및 분포에 건전성을 조장하는 방안이라고 판단된다.

유기농 논이용 콩-밀 생산체계에서 재배유형별 밀 파종 전 경운여부에 따라 경운/무경운 처리, 콩 재배시 비닐 피복 여부에 따라 피복/무피복 처리, 논의 생태적 개선 여부에 따라 개선/대조구 처리로 시험구를 조성하여 밀 재배 중 곤충자원의 출현 및 분포특성을 조사 비교하였다. 출현 곤충의 총 종수는 20종으로 경운 14종, 무경운 14종으로 차이는 없었고 피복 14종, 무피복 16종이었으며 개선구 18종, 대조구 13종으로 개선처리에서 곤충 출현 종수가 많았다. 출현 곤충의 총개체수는 경운 124개체, 무경운 76개체로 경운처리에서 많았고, 피복 100개체, 무피복 100개체로 차이가 없었으며 경운-무피복-개선에서 40개체로 가장 많았다. 유기농 밀에 피해를 주는 해충 으로 노린재류는 갈색날개노린재가 가장 많이 발생하였고, 메추리노린재, 시골가시허리노린재도 출현하였으 며 재배유형별 발생 개체수는 경운 81마리, 무경운 39마리로 경운에서 많았고, 무경운-피복-대조(7) = 무경운-무 피복-대조(7) < 무경운-무피복-개선(9) < 경운-피복-개선(12) < 경운-무피복-대조(13) < 무경운-피복-개선(16) < 경운-피복-대조(27) < 경운-무피복-개선(29) 순으로 발생하였다.

The family Asilidae(robber flies) is one of the representative predatory flies that hunts a variety of insects during the larval and adult stages. There are more than 7,500 known species distributed around the world, and 74 species in 30 genera are recorded in Korea. There are about 270 species of the genus Leptogaster recorded worldwide, and three species (L. augusta, L. basilaris, L. dorsopicta) are recorded in Korea. Through this study, three unrecorded species (L. abdominalis, L. furculata, L. spadix) were identified, and a total of six species were confirmed to be distributed in Korea. We would like to provide general information of the genus Leptogaster, a list of currently distributed species in Korea, photos, diagnostic traits, and so on.

As a result of our taxonomic study of the genus Epistrophe (Walker) in Korea, we recognized a total of 16 species including seven putative new species (code names are temporarily given from A to F). We also conducted a DNA barcoding analysis of 25 nominal species and 130 samples of Epistrophe. In our barcoding analysis, despite insufficient bootstrap support, Epistrophe formed a cluster with two genera, Epistrophella and Leucozona, topologically supporting their close relationships. Our analysis also showed some interesting results worthy of attention: First, at least two distinct cryptic species were found within the E. grossulariae cluster. Second, the taxon identified as E. nitidicollis seems to represent at least three distinct species. Third, three BOLD-deposited European samples listed as E. olgae showed almost identical barcode sequences with the European E. nitidicollis.

Background: Floor sit-to-stand (FSTS) places a higher load on the knees than chair sit-to-stand (CSTS). It is difficult to experimentally measure the maximum knee joint force during sit-to-stand motion. Objectives: This study's objectives were twofold: firstly, to quantify the differences in knee joint force between FSTS and CSTS, and secondly, to identify the angles at which the maximum knee joint force occurs during these motions. Design: Computer simulation study. Method: This study was conducted on 4 adult male subjects in their 20s. The FSTS and CSTS motion trajectories of the subjects were acquired using 3- dimensional motion analysis equipment. Using these, the human body mass model of the program was modified according to the subject, and the knee joint force was calculated. Also, the knee angle at which the maximum knee joint force occurs was found. Results: When the subjects performed the FSTS motion, a knee joint force that was up to about 160% higher than that of the CSTS motion occurred, and the angle at which the maximum knee joint force occurred was different between the sitting sequence(FSTS motion: 56~58 degree, CSTS motion: 78~82 degree) and the standing sequence(FSTS motion: 98~100 degree, CSTS motion: 70~74 degree). Conclusion: By comparing FSTS motion with CSTS motion, it is expected that it can be used as a quantitative guide for the effect of motion similar to FSTS motion on the knee when prescribing exercise for the elderly or patients with knee-related lesions.

While companies and brands have always collected and used customer data for multiple purposes, the advent of smart devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and big data has made it much easier to access and utilize consumers’ personal information. For consumers, however, such ease of access to their personal data and frequent cases of data breach have increased their concerns about data privacy (Harris & Associates, 1996; Milne et al., 2004). Nevertheless, consumers continue to share their personal information with companies and brands in the digital environment (Turow et al., 2015).

This paper is written as a follow-up observations to reinterpret the radial velocity (RV) of HD 36384, where the existence of planetary systems is known to be ambiguous. In giants, it is, in general, difficult to distinguish the signals of planetary companions from those of stellar activities. Thus, known exoplanetary giant hosts are relatively rare. We, for many years, have obtained RV data in evolved stars using the high-resolution, fiber-fed Bohyunsan Observatory Echelle Spectrograph (BOES) at the Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory (BOAO). Here, we report the results of RV variations in the M giant HD 36384. We have found two significant periods of 586 d and 490 d. Considering the orbital stability, it is impossible to have two planets at so close orbits. To determine the nature of the RV variability variations, we analyze the HIPPARCOS photometric data, some indicators of stellar activities, and line profiles. A significant period of 580 d was revealed in the HIPPARCOS photometry. H𝛼 EW variations also show a meaningful period of 582 d. Thus, the period of 586 d may be closely related to the rotational modulations and/or stellar pulsations. On the other hand, the other significant period of 490 d is interpreted as the result of the orbiting companion. Our orbital fit suggests that the companion was a planetary mass of 6.6 𝑀J and is located at 1.3 AU from the host.

한국에서 알스트로메리아(Alstroemeria)는 저온 작물로 난 방비 절감 효과가 있고 장식용 절화 소재로 꾸준히 소비되어, 일정 재배면적이 유지되고 있다. 본 연구는 알스트로메리아 ‘한에로스’의 기내 대량증식과 뿌리 발근 조건을 구명하고 무 균묘 생산 시스템을 구축하기 위해 수행했다. 기내 대량 증식 조건 구명 실험에는 Murashige and Skoog(MS) 배지(3% sucrose, 0.25% gelrite)에 BA 단용 처리(BA 0.25, 0.5, 0.75mg･L-1)와 NAA 0.2mg･L-1에 BA를 농도(BA 0.25, 0.5, 0.75mg･L-1)에 따라 혼용 처리하였다. 발근 조건 구명을 위 해 MS배지(3% sucrose, 0.25% gelrite)에 BA 0.25 mg･L-1 단용 처리와 BA 0.25mg･L-1에 NAA를 농도(NAA 0.1, 0.2, 0.3mg･L-1)에 따라 혼용 처리하였다. 뿌리줄기 증식 실험 결 과, 호르몬 첨가에 따른 생육차이는 뿌리줄기 수를 제외한 나 머지 부분에서 뚜렷하게 확인되었다. 단용 처리구 보다 혼용 처리구에서 많은 신초가 유도되었다. BA 0.5mg･L-1와 NAA 0.2mg･L-1 혼용 배지에서 가장 많은 1.43개의 신초가 유도되 었다. 발근 실험 결과, ‘한에로스’는 BA 0.25mg･L-1 와 NAA 0.3mg･L-1 혼용 배지에서 뿌리 수가 3.96개로 가장 많고, 뿌 리가 짧고 두꺼워 순화 과정 중에 뿌리 손실이 적었다. 또한, 순화 과정 중 묘가 고사하지 않았다. 종합적으로, ‘한에로스’ 는 BA 0.5mg･L-1와 NAA0.2 mg･L-1 혼용 배지에서 증식을 하는 것이 적절하며, BA 0.25mg･L-1와 NAA 0.3mg･L-1 혼 용 배지에서 발근 후 순화하는 것이 최적의 기내 배양 조건으 로 사료된다. 본 연구의 결과로 알스트로메리아 무균묘의 보 급 확대에 기여하고자 한다.

In the event of a radioactive release, it is essential to quickly detect and locate the source of the release, as well as track the movement of the plume to assess the potential impact on public health and safety. Fixed monitoring posts are limited in their ability to provide a complete picture of the radiation distribution, and the information they provide may not be available in real-time. This is why other types of monitoring systems, such as mobile monitoring, aerial monitoring, and personal dosimeters, are also used in emergency situations to complement the information provided by fixed monitoring posts. Also, the monitoring system can be improved by using the Kriging technique, which is one of the interpolation methods, to predict the radiation dose in the relevant districts. This can be achieved by utilizing both the GPS information and the radiation dose measured at a particular point. The Kriging method involves estimating the value between different measurement points by considering the distance between them. The model used GPS and radiation data that were measured around the Hanbit NPP. The data were collected using a radiation measuring detector on a bus that traveled around the NPP area at 2-second intervals for one day. From the collected data, 200 data points were randomly selected for analysis, excluding the data measured at the bus garage out of a total of 16,550 data points. The average dose of the daily measurement data was 117.94 nSv/h, and the average dose of the 200 randomly extracted data was 119.17 nSv/h. The GPS and radiation dose data were utilized to predict the radiation dose around the Yeonggwang area where the Hanbit NPP is located. In the event of an abnormal release of radioactive material, it can be difficult to accurately determine the dose unless a monitoring measurement point is present. This can delay the rapid evacuation of residents during an emergency situation. By utilizing the Kriging model to make predictions, it is anticipated that more accurate dose predictions can be generated, particularly during accident scenarios. This can aid in the development of appropriate resident protection measures.