Temperature, humidity, photoperiod, and illumination suitable for hatching of Locusta migratoria were investigated. Among four temperatures of 20℃, 25℃, 27℃, 30℃, and 33℃, 33℃ showed the highest hatching rate as 85.6±10.0%, and 30℃(63.2±24.9%), 27℃(42.5±9.6%), in the following order. The hatching rate in 20℃ and 25℃ was 0.0%, respectively. The longer hatching days were accompanied by the lower temperature. In humidity of 50%, 65%, 80%, 65% was the best hatching rate as 86.4±3.8% and 80% (81.6±15.4%), 50% (71.9±14.9%) in the following order. But there was no statistical significance. In three photoperiods of 9L/15D, 12L/12D, 15L/9D, 9L/15D was the best hatching rate as 81.2% and 12L/12D (80.0%), 15L/9D (72.6%) in the following order. In illuminations, 3,500 lux showed the highest hatching rate as 76.1% and 1,800 (61.9%), 600 lux (47.5%) in the following order among illuminations of 600, 1,800, and 3,500. In conclusion, the most suitable temperature, hunidity, photoperiod, and illumination of the hatching of Locusta migratoria were turned out as 33℃, 65%, 9L/15D, and 3,500 lux.

We investigated the sexual maturity time of B. ignitus. In investigating ovary development, the time of sexual maturity of queen was 10 days after eclosion. In case of male, the number of sperm was 246 thousand at immediately after eclosion, and was highest as 480 thousand at 9 days, and tended to show a dramatic decline at 35 days (87 thousand). In consideration of number of sperms, the time of sexual maturity of male was 3-15 days after eclosion. In the sexual maturity time of queen in mating, the queen was not mated at immediately after eclosion, and showed a decrease in 20 days. On the other hand, the male showed 3.3% of mating at immediately after ecolosion, showed the highest of 43.3% at 6 days after eclosion, and tended to decrease in 25 days. In summary, sexual maturity time of B. ignitus in reproductive organs and mating is most favorable in 9-12 days after eclosion for queen and 6-9 days for male.

We investigated the effects of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony size on the pollination of greenhouse-cultivated watermelon grown under the forcing cultivation system. The highest pollination activity of bees was observed (14.3 ± 5.0 honey bees/day) when the bee colony size was 10,000 honey bees, followed by 7,500 and 5,000 honey bees. There was a positive correlation between the bee colony size and pollination activity (R = 0.262). There was no significant difference in the fruit set with different honey bee colony sizes (88%–91%). However, the larger the bee colony size, the higher the number of seeds fertilized and the rate of seed fertilization (p > 0.05). The number of seeds and the content of sugar were negatively correlated (R = -0.714). Overall, we found that a colony size of 5,000 honey bees was the most effective for the pollination of watermelon grown under forcing cultivation.

To investigate the effectiveness of ventilation in bumblebee colony, we ventilated bumblebee(bombus terrestris) colonies using PC cooling fan to replace the fanning behavior of bumblebees, unventilated colonies were used as controls. The temperature of the colonies that were ventilated using the cooler fan was 3 ℃ lower than the control colonies, and the rate of fanning behavior were 9 times lower in ventilated colonies than in the control colonies. Foraging activity and survival rates of worker bees in ventilated colonies doubled compared to the control colonies. Rates of seed set per flower and number of seeds set by bees in the ventilated colonies was 12 % and –15 % and 1.1 and –1.4 times higher pollination, respectively, than for the control colonies. We conclude that installing a ventilation device on the colony box can improve the internal environment of bumblebee colonies at high temperatures through ventilation and that this is a good option to increase pollination effectiveness for the crops in high temperature greenhouse conditions.

We compared the fruit set and the quality of the Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka) among flowers pollinated by insect pollinators such as the honeybee(Apis mellifera) and bumblebee(Bombus terrestris) and pollinated artificial. The hand pollination rate was 1.3 times higher than bumblebee and 1.9 times higher than the honeybee pollination rate. Moreover, the artificially pollinated flowers produced fruit that was 5 to 10% higher in weight, 2 to 3% larger in size, and had a higher fruit shape index(L/D) than pollinated by the insect pollinators. On economic analysis, net profit from insect pollinator was 93.5 to 97.1% of net profit from hand pollination. Therefore, artificial pollination is more efficient than insect pollination in 'Niitaka' pear. However, regarding fruit quality and net profit, these results suggest that bee pollinator can be an good alternative to hand pollination in pear cv. Niitaka.

메뚜기목 메뚜기과에 속하는 풀무치(Locusta migratoria)는 강한 집단행동 습성과 다양한 먹이식물에 대한 높은 유연성을 가진 대형 메뚜기이다. 이런 풀무치를 실내에서 사육하기에 가장 적합한 온도를 조사하였다. 실험온도는 25℃, 27℃, 30℃, 33℃ 등 4개구로 설정하였고, 12L/12D, 65% RH, 1,000 lux 이상의 사육조건하에서 밀을 먹이로 실험하였다. 풀무치의 영별 발육특성을 조사한 결과, 1령-5령 약충까지의 발육기간은 30℃가 26.4±2.0일로 25℃ (46.9±1.9일)보다 약 1.8배, 27℃(31.8±2.5일)와 33℃(30.7±2.6일)보다는 약 1.2배 단축되었다. 약충의 체중, 두폭, 체폭, 체장 등 발육 특성은 30℃가 가장 좋았고 그 다음은 33℃, 27℃, 25℃순이었다. 성충의 교미는 주로 09-10시와 13-14시에 가장 많이 이루어졌다. 우화-교미까지의 일수는 30℃가 10.2±1.5일로 25℃(23.8±13.7일), 27℃(19.3±10.2일), 33℃(12.0±7.3일)보다 약 1.8일-13.6일 빨랐다. 포토 당 산란된 난괴의 수는 평균 1.1개로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들로 볼 때 풀무치를 사육하기에 가장 적합한 온도는 30℃인 것으로 판단된다.