대파(Allium fistulosum L.)는 동양에서 옛날부터 중요한 식재료로 재배되어온 중국 원산지의 향신 채소이다. 적어도 통일신라시대부터 재배되어 온 기록이 있으며 현재에도 식재료로 수요가 많아 전국적으로 재배면적이 넓어지고 있고, 종자의 유통량 또한 많다. 대파에는 파굴파리(Liriomyza chinensis), 파좀나방(Acrolepiopsis sapporensis), 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua) 등이 주요 해충으로 알려져 있다. 전남 진도군은 국내 대파 주산단지로 파밤나방의 발생이 많고 다이아마이드 계통 농약의 저항성이 발현되고 있어 계대사육에 따른 저항성 감소를 실험하고자 한다. 실험은 진도군의 대파밭에서 파밤나방 개체를 채집하여 실내에서 약제처리를 통해 살충률과 섭식률을 검정, 몇세대에 걸쳐 저항성이 감소되는지 알고자 한다.

Grammatical complexity constitutes an indispensable subconstruct of L2 writing ability. Nonetheless, rating scale descriptors for grammatical complexity have heavily relied on degree modifiers or adjectives. Thus, this study attempts to explore the potential for the use of nominal modifiers as discriminators for adjacent levels of L2 writers in the context of an English Placement Test. This study analyzed 374 argumentative essays written by international undergraduates. Seven nominal modifiers in the developmental stages of grammatical complexity were examined and a cumulative ordinal logistic regression model with proportional odds was fitted to explore the relative effects of those grammar features on placement decisions. Four nominal modifiers were found to be positively associated with placement decisions, after adjusting for the effects of other variables. One educational implication is for the use of nominal modifiers to be incorporated into rating scale descriptors as discriminators for L2 writers who are not advanced enough to be exempted from an English Placement Test.

Through density functional theory calculations, to provide insight into the origins of the catalytic activity of Au nanoparticles (NPs) toward oxidation reactions, we have scrutinized the oxygen adsorption chemistry of 9 types of small unsupported Au NPs of around 1 nm in size (Au13, Au19, Au20, Au25, Au38, and Au55) looking at several factors (size, shape, and coordination number). We found that these NPs, except for the icosahedral Au13, do not strongly bind to O2 molecules. Energetically most feasible O2 adsorption that potentially provides high CO oxidation activity is observed in the icosahedral Au13, our smallest Au NP. In spite of the chemical inertness of bulk Au, the structural fluxionality of such very small Au NP enables strong O2 adsorption. Our results can support recent experimental findings that the exceptional catalytic activity of Au NPs comes from very small Au species consisting of around 10 atoms each.

The intracellular endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia is currently considered the most abundant in arthropods. Many Wolbachia manipulate host reproductive systems, it lead to male-killing, cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis and feminization of genetic males with large impact on host ecology and evolution in arthropods. In this study, we investigated the distribution of Wolbachia infection in Ae. albopictus according to geographical distribution. We selected 9 areas and collected Ae. albopictus, these areas were distinguished with mountain chain and waterway. Whole genomic DNA were extracted from collected specimens and PCR analysis were accomplished in each specimen using Wolbachia specific primers such as 16S and WSP genes. As a results, we collected 730 Ae. albopictus at least 30 specimens in each area. Wolbachia infection rate showed different patterns between geographical region. Cheonbook, Cheonnam and Yeongdong showed 100% infection rate followed by Jeju (97%), Chungchung (88%), and Gyungnam (85%) with two Wolbachia marker genes. Our results indicated that Ae. albopictus are commonly infected with Wolbachia, it is possible that Wolbachia may act as endosymbiont in Ae. albopictus regardless of geographical region. Although, low infection rate of Wolbachia, we need continuous survey for the evaluation of Wolbachia strain within Ae. albopictus as a vector of dengue fever.