Various radionuclides are released and contaminate soils by the nuclear accidents, nuclear tests and disposal of radioactive waste. Among radionuclides, 137Cs is a harmful radioactive element that emits high-energy β particles and γ rays with a half-life of 30.2 years. 137Cs is difficult to extract because it is fixed to soil particles. For the volume reduction technology development of contaminated soil, this study tried to evaluate the irreversible Cs adsorption capacity of granite-originated soil. The soil sample used in the study was collected from C horizon of the soil developed in Mesozoic mica granite. The soil texture, mineralogy, organic content, pH, EC, cation exchange capacity (CEC), water-soluble cation and anion content of the soil samples were determined. A kinetic adsorption experiment and an isotherm adsorption experiment were performed to understand the overall Cs adsorption characteristics using 133Cs. The desorption of Cs by 0.1 mM KCl was also tested for the sample spiked with 133Cs and 137Cs. The soil sample showed a pH of 6.73, EC of 24.50 μS cm-1, and CEC of 1.34 cmolc kg-1, organic matter of 0.53% and sandy loam in texture. Quartz, feldspar and mica were identified as the major mineral components of bulk sample. The clay fraction consists of mica, hydroxyl-interlayer vermiculite (HIV), vermiculite and kaolinite. In the kinetic adsorption experiment, the Cs adsorption showed fast adsorption rates at the initial stage (6 hours) regardless of the 133Cs concentration, and the adsorption equilibrium state was reached after 48 hours. It was the most suitable for the pseudo second-order model. The 133Cs adsorption increased nonlinearly from low to high concentration, which was well match with the dual site Langmuir model. As a result of the desorption experiment, desorption was not performed up to 1.1 mg kg-1 in the presence of competitive ions K+, which is about 0.035% of CEC calculated by the isotherm model. The adsorption of Cs was controlled by frayed edge sites (FES) at a low concentrations and by basal sites or interlayer sites at a high concentration. Irreversible Cs fixation of by FES may be contributed by mainly weathered mica, and when these minerals are separated from the granite origin soil, the possibility of reducing the contamination concentration and volume of radioactive soil waste can be expected.

Distribution centers in a distribution system that consists of the distribution centers and retailers supplies products to retailers. At the present, although total capacity of the distribution centers are enough to supply total demand of retailers, capac

Understanding the host defense mechanisms in response to brown leaf spot disease caused by Cochliobolus miyabeanus is very important for production of resistant plant. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) in conjunction with mass spectrometry was utilized to unravel changes of stress inducible proteins in rice leaves infected with C. miyabeanus. For this purpose, we firstly observed disease developmental process of C. miyabeanus in rice using trypan blue, anilin blue, acid fuchsin staining, and DAB staining for ROS detection and expressional abundance of ROS related proteins in rice leaves inoculated was confirmed by Western blotting. Proteins were extracted by PEG fractionation and their expression patterns were analyzed by 2-DGE and subjected to image analysis using the ImageMaster 6.0 2D Platinum software, resulting in the identification of 86 differentially expressed protein spots with significantly changes (p<0.05) compared with control. MALDI-TOFTOF-MS analysis revealed that 69 proteins including 42 and 27 significantly up- and down-regulated proteins, respectively, were identified. Based on gene ontology analysis, identified proteins were classified according to their functional groups: metabolism (20%), oxygen-detoxifying (13%), protein stress/defense (24%). Thus, these results for the first time suggest that differentially induced proteins may play a key role for understanding host defense mechanisms during rice -C. miyabeanus interaction.

The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is one of the most serious diseases of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in most rice-growing regions of the world. In order to investigate early responsible genes in rice in response to M. oryzae, we analyzed transcriptomics analysis using 300 K tilling microarray chip. The quality of RNA samples was initially validated by 4 defense related genes and phytoalexins measurement using RT-PCR and HPLC, respectively, which are well known defense markers. We determined that accumulation of 608 genes showed statistically significant changes in the level of transcription (>2 fold change, P<0.05). Among them, 261 genes were more up-regulated in incompatible interaction than that of compatible one. We further analyzed GO enrichment analysis of the 41 and 231 which were 2 fold up-regulated genes at 12h and 48h in incompatible interaction, respectively, using Rice Oligo nucleotide Array Database (http://ricearray.org). Furthermore, MapMan analysis (http://mapman.gabipd.org/) revealed that 21 and 85 genes including 18 receptor-like genes which were more induced in incompatible interaction compared to compatible interaction were found to be involved in biotic stress. Thus, this study suggests that early inducible genes including receptor-like protein kinases in incompatible interaction may play a key role in disease resistance against M. oryzae attacks.

Here, we first demonstrate that identification of rice brown spot disease fungus (Cochliobolus miyabeanus, C. miyabeanus) proteins is possible in infected tissues using in planta apoplastic proteome with non-destructive tissues. In planta apoplastic proteins from rice leaves inoculated with C. miyabeanus, CM2 (compatible race), were isolated by vacuum infiltration with CaCl2/Na-acetateextractionbuffer, separated by SDS-PAGE, and identified by MudPIT. Of the 529 proteins that were identified by MudPIT, a large proportion (490) was from the rice. Numerous carbohydrate metabolic process (48), oxidation and reduction (44), response to oxidative stress (20%) were identified and confirmed their expression at RNA levels using microarray. Bioinformatic analysis showed that 176 and 39 of these proteins have a signal peptide in rice and rice brown spot fungus, respectively, using Signal P. The large proportion of proteins interestingly identified from the in planta apoplast were involved inprotease, hydrophobin, and host cell wall hydrolysis (Xylanase, beta-glucosidase) derived from pathogen. Thus, we suggest that in planta rice apoplastic secretome will be an important clue to understand the rice-rice brown spot fungus interactions.