Because of recent reports about phosphine resistance problem, development of effective fumigation method to control grain pests became very important. In this study, a chemical treatment, ethyl formate fumigant treatment, and a physical treatment, atmospheric control, were attempted as alternative solutions to this problem. In this study, for CA(Controlled atmosphere) treatment, 99.999% nitrogen was used to create a hypoxic condition with less than 5% oxygen, and for EF, the treatment concentration was 10 mg/L to 80 mg/L. As a result of the study, in CA single treatment, adult insects showed a mortality rate of less than 10% even after 2 weeks of treatment, and pupae and larvae showed a mortality rate 71% and 34%, but eggs showed a mortality rate of 100%. In EF single treatment, adults and larvae showed a 100% mortality rate at 80 mg/L, but eggs showed a 50% mortality rate and pupae were not affected. Considering the results, CA single treatment is not suitable for controlling Tribolium castaneum because of long treatment period, and in the case of EF single treatment, additional researches on longer treatment time is needed.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the central antinociceptive effects of eugenol after intraperitoneal administration. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses was used as the pain model. Subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin significantly produced nociceptive responses by increasing the licking time during nociceptive behavior. Subsequent intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of eugenol led to a significant decrease in the licking time. However, low dose of eugenol (50 mg/kg) did not affect the nociceptive behavioral responses produced by subcutaneous injection of formalin. Intrathecal injection of 30 μg of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, significantly blocked antinociceptive effects produced by intraperitoneal injection of eugenol. Neither intrathecal injection of methysergide (30 μg), a serotonin receptor antagonist nor phentolamine (30 μg), an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist influenced antinociceptive effects of eugenol, as compared to the vehicle treatment. These results suggest that central opioid pathway participates in mediating the antinociceptive effects of eugenol.

본 증례연구는 복합손상을 가진 척수손상환자의 재활치료과정을 소개하여 유사한 사례의 치료에 도움이 되고자 하는 것이다. 증례연구의 대상자인 26세의 남자환자는 흉수 4번 완전손상과 사고 당시 전기화상에 의한 좌측하박 절단과 우측손의 정중신경이 마비되었다. 치료초기에는 일상생활동작 검사에서 MBI (Modified Barthel Index) 점수가 22점으로 독립적으로 가능한 것은 거의 없었고, 기능적으로도 모든 도움이 필요한 상태였으나 재활치료결과 독립적

The objective of this is to develop strategy for plants-related education on elementary, middle and high school. To accomplish the purpose of the study, I analyzed plants-related contents of the Practical Arts Subject in Elementary School and TechnologyHome Economics Subject in Secondary School. And held the expert-conference on the status of plants-related education, strategy of systematization. The major results of the study were as follows: First, 3 basic directions were established(⑴ systematization of contents of plants-related education in school-level, ⑵ contain of part of plants-related education on all the Grade, ⑶ practical application of plants-related education in discretionary activity and Extra Curricular Activities) Second, strategy for research and development on subjects(the Practical Arts Subject, TechnologyHome Economics Subject) were established(⑴ It is necessary to research on system of plants-related education by the Grade, ⑵ It is necessary to research on level of plants-related education by school-level, ⑶ It is necessary to participate expert in process of writing on subject(the Practical Arts Subject, TechnologyHome Economics Subject) Third, Teaching-Learning and Teaching Activity in subjects(the Practical Arts Subject, TechnologyHome Economics Subject)were established(⑴ magnifying contents and Teaching-time of plants-related education, ⑵ magnifying Experience and Practice, ⑶ presenting plentiful material and easily) Fourth, strategy for connection of extra-subjects and Teaching-time were established(⑴ consideration for connection and integration of related-subject, ⑵ development on program of plants-related education in discretion activity and Extra Curricular Activities)