Two methods of nitrogen application at the 4th leaf stage were evaluated in direct-seeding rice cultivation on dry paddy soil: one was the top dressing of nitrogen on dry paddy condition before irrigation (TNDP) for labor saving, and the other was the top dressing of nitrogen on dry paddy with mechanical rotavation of the inter-row space (TNDPIR) for increasing the efficiency of nitrogen. To evaluate these two application methods, leaf chlorophyll contents, growth characteristics and yields were compared with two conventional methods, basal application (BA) and top dressing on flooded paddy condition at the 4th leaf stage (TNFP). The SPAD value of rice in TNDP was similar with that in TNFP throughout the whole growth stage of rice. Also, there were no differences in rice growth and yield between the two methods. However, in TNDPIR, the SPAD value was the highest during tillering stage among the four application methods, and the tiller number, LAI at heading stage and the panicle number were higher than the two conventional methods.

This project was conducted in order to examine visual of the elite athletes and compared the different visual abilities between elite and non-elite athletes by employing seven different visual ability tests. After administring the visual ability tests, important visual characteristics which might have important role to become elite athetes were identified. In the second experiment, two different visual abilities(dynamic visual acuity and depth perception) selected in order to examine the visual training effect for baseball hitting performance for these visual abilities had shown the most relevant visual characteristics for batting performance in the first experiment. The results revealed there were different visual characteristics between athletes in different sports (archery, shooting, ice hockey, baseball), and elite and non-elite athletes. The results also found specific relationship between certain visual characteristics and the sports events. The results of the second experiment revealed the subjects in the experiment group(visual training group) improved their visual abilities significantly through specially designed visual training in the laboratory and the improved visual abilities had positive effect on batting performance in the field.

This study investigated the effects of different sequence structures on the bilateral transfer of learning from one sequence to another. Subjects were asked to respond to visual stimulus of "x" mark appeared in a particular sequence on the CRT at one of four locations arranged horizontally. They were instructed to respond to the visual signal by pressing the corresponding keys with their four fingers. After practicing one serial pattern for a substantial period of time with one hand, the subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions and a control condition [ hierarchy (n=6) , vs , linear (n=6) , control (n=6) ] . Reaction time and latency profile constituted the dependent variables and learning of the sequence was evaluated by measuring the amount of facilitation of the performance on the transfer tasks. The findings support the notion that the internal representation of a sequence organiges in hierarchically, rather than linearly and the executionin of movement sequence is controlled hieararchically even though different effector(different hand in this study) . In addition, the results provided strong evidence for the notion that the subunits of movement can be interchangeable once subjects establish interval structure of the sequence.