William Blake, regarded as one of the great Romantic poets, was a prolific painter, printer, and engraver as well. Yet, he did not receive due credit for his work during his time. For a long time, his graphic art and literature were treated in isolation from each other; literary critics focused only on his poems and art historians on his engravings or paintings. Recently, attempts to see his work, particularly his illuminated books, as a “composite art” or as a synthesis of word and image have increased. I will also consider his work as a kind of open text in a poststructuralists’ notion, which blurs the boundaries between them and encourages readings as textual performance. In this paper, I will first show how Blake differentiated himself from other painters, engravers, and publishers by devising his own way of creating and printing illuminated books. Next, focusing on his earlier work, Songs of Innocence and of Experience, I will briefly discuss the characteristics of his illustration and the content of his poems. Finally, I demonstrate how Songs makes for unique reading in which the reader is an ongoing participant in its textuality, crossing between words and words, and words and images. The advent of the Industrial Revolution brought with it an increase in mass publication, and the distinction between fine art and designs or craftsmanship was yet to be clarified. Against such distinction, Blake created a unique method of "relief-etching", through which he combined text and engraved illustration on a single copper plate and hand-colored the prints. Each copy thus remains a unique work of art. His illuminated books envision interdisciplinary and multimedia text and question the modern system of classification and hierarchies between poem and painting, painting and engraving, art and literature. In the images of Songs, we see Blake’s profound interest in Gothic art as “divine” work. For example, he persisted in using firm outlines that were characteristic of Gothic art. Like other Romantic poets, Blake believed the imagination and God’s spirit to be manifest in outline rather than color. The letter was regarded to be appealing to the sensuality of the eyes. On the other hand, the poems in Songs reflect the dialectical relationship and synthesis in which “innocence” might be wedded to “experience,” as its subtitle Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Souls implies. Songs is, however, not to be read by isolating the poems from the illustrations. In the introduction of Songs of Innocence, Blake proposed the intricate and conflicting relationship between speech, writing, and painting. The title page also suggests that children are not merely passive learners imitating the nurse’s reading but active readers-seers who may better understand Blake’s illuminated books. Further, this paper, after the examination of a few poems, attempts to show that the images do not necessarily illustrate the poems and can rather create a link between different parts of the text. This rejects the traditional critical hierarchy of word over image. Blake’s work indeed opens up an infinite vortex, that is, the textuality, as Roland Barthes or other post-structuralists might call it, and invites us to participate as active readers.

Anthocyanins are naturally occuring phytochemicals and the main components of the coloring of plants, flowers and fruits. They are known to elicit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and cancer preventive activity. In this study, we investigated anthocyanins in black / yellow soybean seedcoats using different methods of detection - thin layer chromatography (TLC), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and HPLC analysis. The anthocyanins in soybean seedcoats were extracted by five independent methods of extraction and the aglycons (anthocyanidins) of the corresponding anthocyanins were prepared by acid mediated hydrolysis. The anthocyanin / anthocyanidin in black soybean seedcoat showed characteristic TLC mobility, CZE electrophoretic retention and HPLC migration time while little of anthocyanins were detected from yellow soybean seedcoat. The extracted anthocyanins showed pH dependent retention time in CZE and spectral change in UV-Vis spectrum. HPLC analysis of the hydrolyzed extract of black soybean seedcoat identified the presence of four anthocyanidins. The major anthocyanin in black soybean seedcoat was cyanin (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), with the relative order of anthocyanidin in cyanidin > delphinidin > petunidin > pelargonidin.

이 논문은 아이돌 가수 소속 기획사 담당자 및 대중음악 작사가, 전직 아이돌 가 수를 포함한 대중음악 생산자들과의 심층 인터뷰를 통해 한국의 대중음악과 연예 산업 전반에서 두드러지게 나타나고 있는 아이돌 편중현상과 그 원인을 분석한다. 연구 결과 한국 대중음악의 아이돌 편중에는 세 가지의 주요인이 작용하고 있음을 밝혀냈다. 첫째, 디지털 기술의 발달로 인해 대중음악 시장이 듣는 음악 시장에서 보는 음악 시장으로 변화하였고, 이로 인해 화려한 퍼포먼스와 풍부한 볼거리를 제 공하는 아이돌 그룹이 선호되기 시작했다. 음악의 주요 시장이 오프라인에서 온라 인으로 바뀌면서 온라인을 가장 자유롭게 이용하는 청소년과 20대가 가장 중요한 음악 소비자로 인식되면서, 이들이 가장 선호하는 비슷한 또래의 아이돌 그룹이 인 기를 누리게 되고 다른 세대들이 선호하는 음악은 설 자리를 잃게 되었다. 둘째, 리스크가 높은 연예사업의 특성상 대규모의 자본력을 갖춘 소수의 대형 기 획사에서 거의 독점적으로 아이돌 가수 양성을 전담하는 구조가 형성되었고 이로 인해 대형 기획사와 방송사간에 카르텔이 형성되었다. 방송사가 가장 인기 있는 소 수의 기획사 소속 아이돌 가수들을 각종 프로그램에 섭외하기 위해 가요프로그램 에 주요 기획사 출신의 아이돌을 대거 출연시킬 수밖에 없고 이는 방송의 전 연역 에 걸친 아이돌 편중현상을 심화시킨다. 마지막으로, 가수로만 활동하는 아이돌은 상업적 가치가 떨어지므로 연예기획사는 아이돌을 만능 엔터테이너로 트레이닝 시키고 활용시키는데, 이는 기획사의 수익을 극대화 할 수 있는 방안이자 아이돌 편중현상의 중요한 요인으로 작용한다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to recognize the role and necessity of public data visualization through prior research, investigation, and data verification processes. In addition, this study intends to check what factors should be considered in order to visualize data on the mobile web. Through this process, by identifying the cognitive load affecting information visualization by type, as a result, I would like to propose an effective information visualization method to effectively deliver public data related to government policies. Research design, data and methodology: In this study, we analyzed the case of information visualization according to infographics, which has been widely used in the public field among various visualization methods. For this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted for young people in their 20s and 30s with the highest mobile usage rate. Results: Based on the results, IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) was performed to conduct cognitive load test tools for information visualization of public data and confirmed the implications for each type of infographics. Conclusions: As a result of research, in order to efficiently deliver public data on the mobile web, first, it is necessary to construct a visual screen that can be easily identified through clear data. Appropriate graphic elements can be used according to the type to make it easier for users to acquire and understand information. Second, it is necessary to provide useful content in visualizing information. Third, in order to efficiently transmit information and increase understanding of data, it is necessary to visualize information that can induce interest in data and form metaphors. Fourth, it is necessary to visualize information to reduce cognitive load in terms of physical and mental aspects in order to accommodate users' comfortable information. Fifth, in order to effectively deliver public data, it is necessary to compose contents and information that are easy for users to understand. This study examines effective information visualization methods to increase the communication effect of public data in response to changes in the data-based intelligent information society and suggests implications for each type considering cognitive loads to help future public institutions to communicate and accept information.