Background: Surgery has been known as an inefficient approach to reduce back pain in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis; therefore, non-surgical treatments are necessary. However, there has been little research to analyze the effect of non-surgical treatments on lumbar spinal stenosis pain. Objective: To identify the effectiveness of 2 physiotherapeutic treatment approaches to relieve pain due to lumbar spinal stenosis. Design: Randomized controlled trial Methods: The participants were 36 lumbar spinal stenosis patients who were randomized in the joint mobilization group (JMG) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group (TENSG). Joint mobilization (JM) was conducted at the posteroanterior joint in the spinous process of the lumbar spine with stenosis. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) was applied on the lumbar spine with stenosis at a high frequency and intensity. Results: Visual analog scale (VAS) pain score significantly decreased in both groups, and the VAS value decreased more after JMG than that after TENSG. The pain thresholds of both groups also significantly increased, and that of JMG increased more compared to TENSG. In both the groups, significant improvements in VAS and pain thresholds were found, and JMG showed better results than TENSG. Conclusions: JM and TENS showed significant relief in both pain threshold and painpain, and JM showed more advanced relief compared to TENS.

소나무재선충병의 매개충인 북방수염하늘소의 예찰 및 방제방법 효율 개선을 위하여 트랩유형별 매개충의 유인포획 및 산란효과를 비교 검증하였다. 춘천시 지내리의 잣나무 조림지와 인근 활엽수림을 대상지로 하여 각 사이트내에 집합페로몬 트랩 단독 처리, 산란유인목 단독 처리, 복합처리구를 설치하고 북방수염하늘소가 중부지역에서 주로 활동하는 4월 25일부터 8월 31일까지 1주일 간격으로 확인하였다. 연구결과 대상지별로는 잣나무 조림지가 단순 활엽수림보다 매개충 유인효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 트랩유형별로는 단순 멀티펀넬 트랩에 유인되는 매개충의 비율은 집합페로몬 단독 처리시 복합처리구 보다 매개충의 유인효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 산란유인목은 10~11월경 확인, 유인율과 산란율을 종합 비교하여 방제방법 효율 개선을 위한 기초자료로 활용할 예정이다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information for professional sports and economy activation of cities, to explore mutual cooperative constructive relationship, and to investigate the Impact of Korean professional volleyball teams brand personality on city brand equity. Research design, data, and methodology: The study collected 500 survey responses and analyzed 478 surveys except for 22 which did not complete all items. For analyzing data, frequency, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, t-test, One-Way ANOVA, correlation, Multiple Regression were computed. Results: First, in difference in brand personality and city brand equity, due to gender, age, region of fan, significant difference were shown statistically in team image by gender, in honesty, interest and obdurability of brand personality by age, and in local community contribution, development possibility and sports facility of team image. Also, all factors show significant difference in region of fan. Second, regarding the impact of brand personality on city brand equity, honesty and capacity were shown to affect every factor of city brand equity, interest affected city image, and obdurability affected city perception. Conclusion: Professional teams need to develop win-win relationship with local community and seek to build positve image towards community fans via distinctive strategies for positioning.