Purpose: Therefore, social desirability, one of common method biases, influenced the research model. This study is intended to verify the mediation effect of self-actualization in the influential relationship between quality of life and the perceived sense of freedom of middle-aged adults participating in the mountain climbing activity. Method: In order to carry out this study, 289 male and female adults who reached the top of mount K were selected through random sampling. In order to analyze data, we carried out descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation test, structural equation modeling analysis, and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Result: In the analysis results, correlation among all variables was shown. And it was shown that middle-aged adults' self-actualization full mediated relationship between perceived sense of freedom and quality of life. In the measurement invariance test results, the goodness-of-fit of model according to gender and age was tested. Therefore, research participants' cross validation was ensured with regard to measurement instrument. Conclusion: Through these results, in case of middle-aged adults who participated in the mountain climbing activity, it was verified that a leisure activity selected by themselves had an effect on the quality of life through self-actualization.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prove the influence of method biases of social desirability on the sequential process of basic psychological needs → motivation → flow and emotion, suggested in HMIEM. Methods: This study conducted a questionnaire survey with 307 high school athletes. Structural Equation Model was employed to look into the scale of common method biases induced by social desirability. Results: As a result, a, b, and c, each of which is factor loading prior to control of social desirability, were .76, .80, and -.31, as shown in figure 2. Each factor loading after control of social desirability (shown in table 2) fell to .43, .56, and -.18. With regard to the SMC of each latent variable prior to control, the SMC of motivation was 57.5%, that of flow 63.5%, and that of emotion 9.8%. However, after control, motivation's SMC remarkably fell to 18.5%, flow's to 31.2%, and emotion's to 3.2%. Conclusion: Therefore, social desirability, one of common method biases, influenced the research model.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a stress test for students in physical education high schools and to verify the validity of the developed test. Methods: To develop the test, this study referred to the stress factors of students in physical education high schools, analyzed by Lee, Dong & Lee(2009) and designed a preliminary test with 42 questions of 7 factors. On the basis of the data of 544 students in three physical education high schools, this study conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to examine the structure and goodness-of-fit of the data, and performed reliability analysis. To verify the convergent validity of the confirmed test, it used the data of 82 students in one physical education high school. Lastly, based on the data of 626 students, it conducted factor invariance test and latent means analysis to investigate the difference between background variables. Results: It was found that the stress test for students in physical education high schools had the structure of four factors: athletic stress, conflict with teammates, coach stress, and life stress. According to the comparison between the test and other tests in terms of convergent validity, the developed test explained construct well. Factor invariance of each background variable was satisfied. According to the analysis of the difference between groups, women had more stress than men in terms of athletic stress and coach stress. The 1st year students had more conflict with teammates than the 2nd year students, and the 3rd year students had high athletic stress, coach stress and life stress.

Purpose: This study aims to identify the conceptual structure of In-sung, which was formed in unique environments including a sports venue, and develop In-sung scale in athletes. Methods: An open-ended questionnaire was given to 384 team or individual event athletes who attend high school or have higher education, to explore the conceptual structure and make questionnaires based on the results obtained from the open questionnaires. To develop the questionnaire, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted with a total of 546 athletes who attend high school or have higher educations. Results: Results from the exploratory factor analysis revealed that Korean athletes` In-sung was classified under five factors in competitive situation (Evoke negative emotions in the opponent, Respect for opponent, Consideration for teammates, Trust in leaders/senior members, Referee judgment), and four factors in generic situation (Politeness/ Respect, Loyalty, Social norm, Responsibility). The confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the model fit was judged to be good and identified 33 items in 9 factors. The convergent validity of the all selected items was tested.

Rice as a typical silicified plants needs the intemal absorption of silica, especially during the growing period. The leaves and culm of plant are erected up by uptake of silicic acid. Sun light could reach the bottom leaves in the plant communities. In addition, the nitrogen uptake would be physiologically controlled by the application of silica and the quality of rice could be improved by reducing the quantity of protein in grian. In the field experiment designed, the rice cultivar was DonhjinⅠho, Daeanbyeo and transplanting day was May 25, 2007. N levels per ha were 100 and 200kg, respectively and liquid silica(ai 11%, manufactureed by Dongbuhiteck Co.) was sprayed on flag leaves according to 500fold and 1000fold with distilled water and 3 times at an interval of 1week from 30 days before heading. The rice culms treated with each liquid silica levels were shortened and panicle length were increase as compare with the control in the level of each N. The lodging was reduced in the plot that treated with the higher liquid silica application of 100kg as compared with 200kg plot in the filed. The rice yields of the plots treated with silica application were more increased than in the control plot. All yield components, except of panicle number in DongjinⅠ, increased as compare with 200kg plot in the filed. Changes measured by 2-DE in display expression of flag leaves and seed in relation to nitrogen treatment level and silica trements were similar in fashion, yet still displayed distinguishable differences in display strength spots.

Recently with increase tendency of direct sowing cultivation, lodging problem which affect to the high quality rice plant is again raising its ahead. In order to reduce this lodging problem there is a chemical method which uses plant growth retardant. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of lodging reduction as affected by plant growth retardant which is IBP-Metconazole (IPM) in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy field. IPM treatment carried out 50, 40, 30 days before heading. Hexaconazole treatment carried out 30 days before heading. IPM treatment 30 days before heading resulted the shortest plant culm among the IPM treatments. 4 internode length was shorter by 3.75㎝ in IPM treatmenst than in control. breaking strength was not a difference from between IPM treatments but breaking strength was significantly increased by IPM treatments than control. IPM treatments increased yield 10~11% as compared with control. The protein contents of flag leaves by 2-DE were visually higher in the plot treated with the IPM application than in the plot control plot. The proteome approach to elucidate the mechanism which inhibited gibberellin synthase will be future performed in the on-going research.