본 시험은 2011년부터 2013년까지 3년 동안 경북 예천군 농가포장에서 이탈리안 라이그라스(Lolium multiflorum Lam) 국내육성 품종과 수입품종의 생육특성 및 수량성을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 시험설계는 품종을 처리로 해서 조생종 6품종, 중생종 2품종, 만생종 4품종 등 모두 12처리, 난괴법 3반복으로 배치하였다. 파종은 2011년에는 9월 26일, 2012년에는 9월 25일에 실시했으며, 수확은 품종별로 출수기에 맞추어 수확하였다. 대부분의 국내육성 품종이 도입품종에 비해 내한성이 더 강한 것으로 나타났다. ha당 건물수량은 조생종에서는 '코윈어리' 품종이 10,031 kg으로 다른 5품종보다 많았으며(p<0.05), 중만생종에서는 '화산 104호' 품종이 '화산 101호' 및 '코윈마스터' 품종과 비슷하였으며 다른 품종보다 건물수량이 많았다(p<0.05). 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 중부지역에서 답리작 재배 시 '코윈어리' 또는 국내육성 조생종 품종을 선택하는 것이 유리하며, 논이 아닌 밭에서는 중만생종이 유리할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 품종을 선택할 때에는 재배지역의 겨울철 기온, 강수량 및 작부체계를 고려하는 것이 중요하다고 사료된다.

This study aimed to determine the effect of lower trapezius muscle strengthening exercises on pain, neck disability index (NDI), cervical range of motion (ROM), and lower trapezius muscle strength in patients with unilateral neck pain. Following baseline measurements, the subjects (N=40) with unilateral neck pain were randomized into one of two 5 weeks exercise intervention groups: a experimental group (EG, n1=20) that received strength training of the lower trapezius muscles or a control group (CG, n2=20) that received routine physical therapy program. Each group participated in the intervention for 30 minutes, 3 times a week, for 5 weeks. All participants performed 2 repetitions of each intervention per day. The numeric pain rating scale for pain, NDI, ROM, and lower trapezius strength were recorded both pre- and post-intervention for both groups. Paired t-tests were used to determine significant changes post-intervention compared with pre-intervention and independent t-tests were used to analyze differences in the dependent variables between the 2 groups. After the 5-weeks intervention, both groups experienced significantly decreased pain and disability level (p<.05) and significantly increased cervical flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation ROM (p<.05). The EG that received strength training of the lower trapezius muscles showed greater improvements in pain and functional disability level, cervical rotation, and lower trapezius strength than the CG (p<.05). These results suggest that a lower trapezius strengthening exercises reduce neck pain and neck disability level and enhance cervical ROM and lower trapezius strength level in patients with unilateral neck pain.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important forage legumes in the world. It has been demanded to establish the efficient transformation system in commercial varieties of alfalfa for forage molecular breeding and production of varieties possessing new characteristics. To approach this, genetic transformation techniques have been developed and modified. This work was performed to establish conditions for effective transformation of commercial alfalfa cultivars, Xinjiang Daye, ABT405, Vernal, Wintergreen and Alfagraze. GUS gene was used as a transgene and cotyledon and hypocotyl as a source of explants. Transformation efficiencies differed from 0 to 7.9% among alfalfa cultivars. Highest transformation efficiencies were observed in the cultivar Xinjiang Daye. The integration and expression of the transgenes in the transformed alfalfa plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histochemical GUS assay. These data demonstrate highly efficient Agrobacterium transformation of diverse alfalfa cultivars Xinjiang Daye, which enables routine production of transgenic alfalfa plants.