Potholes on urban expressways are a critical pavement maintenance problem because they threaten driving safety, generate vehicle-damage claims, and require repeated emergency repairs. However, network-level evidence integrating climate, traffic, maintenance execution, and detection practice remains limited. This study addressed this gap through a stage-1 empirical assessment of pothole occurrence and pavement maintenance response on the Seoul urban expressway network. The novelty lies in integrating six years of operational data, including pothole repair records, compensation cases, monthly rainfall, monthly average temperature, route-level traffic volume, maintenance budget and execution records, detection pathways, and repeated pothole locations. A total of 28,821 pothole repairs were recorded between 2020 and 2025, with Olympic-daero (11,330 cases), Dongbu Trunk Road (6,594 cases), and Gangbyeonbuk-ro (5,067 cases) accounting for approximately 79.8% of the total. The compensation burden was also concentrated, with 158 cases and a total payout of KRW 48,592,000. Pothole occurrence showed a clear dual-season pattern, with high counts during the thawing period and a stronger summer peak, increasing from 1950, 3100, and 3773 cases in June, July, and August when rainfall rose from 174.60 mm to 333.68 mm and 352.15 mm, respectively. Traffic remained consistently high (48,576–96,700 vehicles/day) but varied by only approximately 5.1% annually, indicating that climate governed outbreak timing, while traffic acted mainly as a chronic aggravating factor. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based Camera Detection System (CDS) detection contributed to 54.3% and 57.2% of external detections in 2024 and 2025, respectively, while repeated repairs accounted for 3,957 cases across 783 locations (13.7% of total repairs). These findings support seasonal preventive maintenance, route-based prioritization, AI-assisted detection, and hotspot-focused management.

This study was aimed to evaluate the dose-response the effects of nano-encapsulated conjugated linoleic acids(CLAs) on in vitro ruminal fermentation profiles. A fistulated Holstein cow was used as a donor of rumen fluid. Nano-encapsulated CLAs(LF, 5% of nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA; HF, 10% of nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA; LT, 5% of nano-encapsulated CLA-TG; HT, 10% of nano-encapsulated CLA-TG) were added to the in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment. In the in vitro ruminal incubation test, the total gas production on incubation with nano-encapsulated CLAs was increased significantly according to the incubation time, compared with the control(p<0.05). The tVFA concentrations on addition of LF and HT were significantly higher than that of the control(p<0.05). Thus, nano-encapsulated CLAs might improve the ruminal fermentation characteristics without adverse effects on the incubation process. In addition, the population of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens which is closely related to ruminal biohydrogenation was increased by adding HT, while decreased by adding LF at 12 h incubation. These results showed that nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA could be applied to enhance CLA levels in ruminants by maintaining the stability of CLA without causing adverse effects on ruminal fermentation profiles considering the optimal dosage.

Method for Protect of the river levee was method for installing concrete revetment block and concrete mat method in Korea. But this method is non-environmental approach because the vegetation can not take at all. To solve these problem, the method has been applied using porous vegetation concretes. Porous vegetation concrete has filler technique to provide water retention and nutrient a into the porous interior in order to facilitate plant growth. But filler used increasing the cost and the construction period. Therefore in order to not use a filler, a high absorption rate and good absorption capacity needed aggregate. Current, Blast furnace slag aggregate has been used in architectural and civil engineering field as an alternative aggregate resources. Blast furnace slag aggregate is high absorption rate and lighter in weight per unit. This study evaluated the absorption capacity of the blast furnace slag aggregate. Phosphorus Sorption experiment was carried out to produce a cylindrical acrylic(diameter 11cm, height 90cm). There filling the aggregate, for supplying the test solution was using as a pump from bottom to top. And The water of having passed through the solution was analyzed. Results, blast furnace slag aggregate showed absorption capacity of 64~77% of PO43-P and T-P. Crushed aggregate show absorption capacity of 6~24% of PO43-P and T-P. Blast furnace slag aggregate showed excellent result of good absorption capacity compared to the crushed aggregate showed excellent result.