To identify subspecies of the sika deer, Cervus nippon, and to select C. n. hortulorum individuals for restoration of this subspecies in Korea, we obtained cytochrome b partial sequences (375 bp) of sika deer (C. nippon) from deer farms in northeastern China, North Korea, mainland Korea, and Jeju Island. Based on noninvasive samples, these cytochrome b sequences were compared with the corresponding haplotypes of sika deer, which were obtained from GenBank. We identified five individuals of sika deer from deer farms in northeastern China and North Korea as C. n. hortulorum, and found that interbreeding between individuals belonging to different subspecies is common on deer farms in far-eastern Asia. We concluded that the five C. n. hortulorum individuals on deer farms from northeastern China and North Korea, detected in this study, cannot be considered as pure descendants of C. n. hortulorum in the wild.

Major characteristics of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are sustaining of stemness and pluripotency by self-renewal. In this report, transcriptional profiles of the molecules in the developmentally important signaling pathways including Wnt, BMP4, TGF-β, RTK, Hh, Notch, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways were investigated to understand the self- renewal of mouse ESCs (mESCs), J1 line, and compared with the NIH3T3 cell line and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells as controls. In the Wnt signaling pathway, the expression of Wnt3 was seen widely in mESCs, suggesting that the ligand may be an important regulator for self-renewal in mESCs. In the Hh signaling pathway, the expression of Gli and N-myc were observed extensively in mESCs, whereas the expression levels of in a Shh was low, suggesting that intracellular molecules may be essential for the self-renewal of mESCs. IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-IR and IGF-IIR of RTK signaling showed a lower expression in mESCs, these molecules related to embryo development may be restrained in mESCs. The expression levels of the Delta and HES5 in Notch signaling were enriched in mESCs. The expression of the molecules related to BMP and JAK-STAT signaling pathways were similar or at a slightly lower level in mESCs compared to those in MEF and NIH3T3 cells. It is suggested that the observed differences in gene expression profiles among the signaling pathways may contribute to the self-renewal and differentiation of mESCs in a signaling-specific manner.

This study was carried out to examine the effective wet harvesting solution for development of wet distribution system in standard chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) ‘Baekma’. The cut flowers were treated immediately in floral preservative solutions or dry condition after harvesting, and then the effects on quality of cut flower were compared. Also, we investigated the effects of NaOCl and sucrose on vase life and quality of cut flower. When the cut flowers were treated immediately in tap water, Chrysal OVB, Floralife, Hiflora solutions after harvesting, flower diameter and fresh weight of cut flower increased compared to dry condition treatment. In single treatment of 100 mg･L-1 NaOCl as wet harvesting solution, flower diameter and fresh weight of cut flower increased more than other treatments, and vase life was prolonged to 1.5 days than control. But, flower diameter and fresh weight of cut flower decreased in 0 or 200 mg･L-1 NaOCl. When the cut flowers were treated in combination solution of 100 mg･L-1 NaOCl and 0.1% sucrose, the flower diameter was the largest by 9.8 cm, and fresh weight of cut flower was maintained the highest in holding solution. On the other hand, flower diameter and fresh weight of cut flower were lowest in combination solution of 100 mg･L-1 NaOCl and 2.5% sucrose. There was no difference in vase life between treatments mixed with NaOCl and sucrose. Therefore, it was suggested that treatment mixed with 100 mg･L-1 NaOCl and 0.1% sucrose as wet harvesting solution was the most effective for vase life and quality of cut flower in standard chrysanthemum ‘Baekma’.

This study was conducted to analyze the correlation between cultivation environment, cropping system, and the quality of cut flower in autumn-winter season chrysanthemum‘Jinba’, and to suggest the cultivation factors that can improve the quality of cut flower. It was examined for cultivation environment such as average day and night temperature, average day and night relative humidity, average day and night vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and integrated solar radiation of 4 farms planted in mid-October. Also, it was surveyed for cropping system such as cutting condition, growth period, irrigation method, soil chemical properties. Chrysanthemum ‘Jinba’ was harvested in order to investigate the quality of cutting of four farms, and then growth, chlorophyll content, and vase life of cut flowers were investigated. Based on these data, it was analyzed for the correlation between cultivation environment, cropping system, and quality of cut flower elements. In correlation between cultivation environment and quality of cut flower, the average night temperature showed a negative correlation with the growth of cut flower, and it was no correlation with other environmental factors. The vase life showed a negative correlation with the average day and night temperature and VPD, and a most positive correlation with the average day and night humidity. In correlation between cropping system and quality of cut flower, the cutting length, period of vegetative growth, daily irrigation amount, and total irrigation amount showed a less positive correlation, and leaf number of cutting and soil pH showed a most positive correlation with growth of cut flower. On the other hand, soil EC showed a less negative correlation, and days to flowering after light out showed a most negative correlation with growth of cut flower. The vase life of cut flower was not correlated with the cropping system factors.

Background : Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a perennial crop grown for more than 4 years in the same place. Therefore, it is highly affected by soil environment, especially nutrients on soil. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of application levels of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium on growth and soil chemical properties of ginseng. Methods and Results : 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 ㎏/10 a of Urea, fused superphosphate, potassium chloride were each treated at 3.3 ㎡ of the field and ginseng cultivar 'Geumpoong' was transplanted. Growth characteristics were investigated by growth period and soil chemical properties were investigated every 3 months. As the levels of treated nitrogen increased, root weight increased from 0 ㎏/10 a to 4 ㎏/10 a and then decreased. Electrical conductivity (EC) and the NO3 content tended to increase as time goes by. As the levels of treated phosphate increased, the SPAD content increased. Soil analysis of October showed that the NO3 content of phosphate 32 ㎏/10 a treatment increased to 80.25 ㎎/㎏. In the case of potassium 32 ㎏/10 a treatment, the emergence rate was 74% and root weight was 2.06 g, which were the worst in all treatments. When the levels of treated potassium increased, the EC tended to increase gradually and the pH was decreased. Conclusion : These results indicate that the application levels of Nitrogen, phosphate, potassium influence growth of ginseng and soil chemical properties. Further research will be needed to establish appropriate standards of soil chemical properties for ginseng cultivation.