본 논문에서는 중국 춘추전국시대 유가사상(儒家思想)과 더불어 당시 민중의 지대한 사랑과 관심을 받았 던 묵가사상(墨家思想)과 현시기 전 지구적으로 관심을 받고 있는 ‘지속가능발전목표’(SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals)의 상관관계를 살펴보고자 한다. 묵자 사상과 그 학파는 사실 당대의 흥성함에 비해 이후 동양의 사상계에서 사라졌다가 청조대(淸朝代)인 근대에 이르러 다시 세상의 주목을 받게 된 ‘비운의’ 역사를 가지고 있다. 기실 묵가사상은 ‘사람은 제 이웃을 제 몸과 같이 사랑하고 누구나 차별하지 말아야 한다는 겸애(兼愛)를 주장하여 전국시대에는 가장 많은 인민의 사랑을 받았다’(기세춘, 2021:9)고 전해진다. 하여 본 논문에서는 당시 묵자(墨子)가 설파했던 여러 주장들과 현시기 전 지구적으로 해결해야 할 당면 과제들의 해법을 찾고자 하는 지속가능발전목표(SDGs)의 목표와 이행 과제들을 비교하며 살펴보는 데 그 의의가 있다고 할 것이다. 다만 본 논문에서는 지면 관계상 묵자의 공동체 사상, 경제사상, 반전·평화 사상을 중심으로 지속가능발전목표(SDGs)의 이행 목표와의 연관성을 살펴보고자 한다. 물론 묵자 사상이 지속가능발전목표(SDGs) 이행 목표와 직접적인 관련이 있다거나 묵가 사상이 지속가능발전목표(SDGs)에 영향을 끼쳤다는 것을 논증하려는 것은 아니다. 다만 2400여 년 전 동양의 한 사상가와 그 학파의 주장들 이 현시기 전 지구적 과제들을 해결하는 데 있어 시사하는 바가 적지 않다는 점을 살펴보는 것 자체에 나름의 의미가 있다 할 것이다. 본 논문은 국내에서 처음으로 시도하는 연구이기도 하다. 다만 본 논문에서 는 묵자 사상과 묵가 사상을 혼용해서 쓰고 있음을 밝힌다.

This study used adult wistar-based rats to observe the sexual cycle as a morphological characteristic of vaginal epithelial cells by vaginal smearing, and investigated the fetal number through mating with male rats of the same strain. The target animal was a 12 to 13-week-old Wistar-based mature unlighted rat (weight 220 g to 240 g), room temperature 23 ± 2℃, 14 hours artificial lighting (05:00 to 19:00 hours), 10 hours Adapted individuals were used for rearing for at least 2 weeks under the conditions of the darkroom (19:00 to 05:00). The feed was managed for free feeding of pellet feed for animals and water. The vaginal smearing method was used for the experiments by observing the sexual cycle every morning and confirming that the normal sexual cycle of 4 or 5 days was repeated at least 2 cycles or more. As a result, the proestrus was found to have few red blood cells, the cells and nuclei were rather large and round, and many nucleated cells were identified. In the case of the estrus, the cells were large and the nuclei were not stained, and most of the keratinocytes were found. In addition, in the metestrus and diestrus, there were many white blood cells, and it was confirmed that nucleated epithelial cells and keratinocytes were significantly reduced. The pregnancy period was 21 ± 1.8 days, and the number of live births per delivery was 11.9 on average. The number of fetuses on the 8th and 10th days of pregnancy were 15.2 ± 0.4 and 15.4 ± 0.3, respectively. On the contrary, the number of fetuses on the 12th day of pregnancy was 12.9 ± 0.6, which was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to the 10th day of pregnancy, and the number of fetuses was similar until delivery. As a result of investigating the change of body weight according to the birth weight and growth stage after delivery, the birth weight of female and male was 9.2 ± 2.0 g and 9.8 ± 2.5 g, respectively. After that, until the 16th day, the female and the male showed similarly moderate weight gain, and then showed a rapid weight gain until the 21st day of lactation. With reference to the results of this study, it is expected to be used as basic data for determining the mating time of rodents and controlling pregnancy and fetal number.

This paper analyzes Mao’s character building process, personality and identity formation process through analysis of reading inclination. It also examines the process of China’s revolution, the process of Chinese Communist Party’s development, and the influence of China on the formation of the regime. It should be remembered that Mao’s reading propensity does not end with the personal nature of Mao, the natural Mao’s reading propensity, but that they ultimately played a decisive role in China’s revolutionary process. This paper analyzes Mao’s diverse reading tendencies through reading analysis of Chinese classics, reading analysis of Marx and Leninism, and analysis of his readings on newspapers and magazines. And through that analysis, we can lay the foundations for understanding Mao and China. Mao‘s ideas and their influence are very important in understanding China. His influence is also presently underlining the whole of China’s ideological system, and its invisible influence will continue even to the present day Xi Jinping system. Of course, even the Xi Jinping system has its influence. A thorough analysis and inquiry into China through the study of Mao ideology will be a very important task for us. However, this paper is related to Mao’s reading tendency analysis which is attempted for the first time in Korea. Although originality is an advantage of this paper, its analysis and weakness of argument are weak points of this paper.

In conversation analysis (CA), wh‐questions are treated as invoking a claim that questioners have no knowledge about the information being solicited. This paper examines a particular form of wh‐questions that indexes an epistemic claim incongruent with such a claim of no knowledge. In particular, it examines wh‐questions that are marked with a committal suffix in Korean conversation, in which the committal suffix indicates that the speaker should have the information at hand. Using the method of CA, this paper shows that these wh‐questions indexing incongruent knowledge claims are used in contexts in which questioners know or should know about the information being solicited. First, they are commonly used to seek a particular piece of information questioners already know about, or should already know about, by reference to prior talk or shared knowledge with recipients. Second, wh‐questions marked with committal endings can be used as word searches. In these cases, they do not seek the other partyʹs active participation in finding solutions to the missing word(s) and thus are self‐directed. The analysis will suggest that wh‐questions with committal endings can serve to avoid a potential trouble or accountability in interaction.

Lee Seung-hee. 2015. “Closings of Calls to an Airline Service”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 177~204. In conversation analysis (CA), closings of a conversation are explicated as achievements by parties working through structural problems of coordinating a simultaneous exit from the conversation. This paper examines closings of calls to an airline service in Korea using the method of CA. As calls to the airline service are built with an orientation to an expectably single business, resolution of the business at hand－typically a flight reservation－occasions the relevance of closing. Closings of airline service calls are structured into pre-closing and terminal sequences. Agents' announcement of a completion of the reservation, thus of the business at hand, constitutes a pre-closing move. Customers align with the pre-closing move normally by producing an acknowledgement in response. Following pre-closing sequences, agents initiate a terminal sequence by producing a terminal component in a standard format required by the institution. Customers typically respond with an acknowledgement ‘yes’ token, collaboratively achieving a termination. In the achievement of closing sequences, parties orient not only to the particular trajectory of activities and pre-closings they have been engaged in, but also to the particular type of conversation as one of customer service.

The purpose of this study was to explore optimal flow experiences of students in an online learning environment for the Chinese language. Based on prior studies, the study adapted the framework of flow theory which consists of 9 sub-factors: challenge, awareness, goal-oriented, feedback, concentration, control, self-consciousness, sense of time, and intrinsic rewarding. The study showed that students had flow experiences in an online learning environment for the Chinese language. The findings by correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis indicated that all the sub-factors of the flow construct are positively co-related to overall learning satisfaction as well as students" perceptions on online learning processes and their task accomplishments. In particular, one flow sub-factor is called "control" was identified to have more predictive power to explain perceived satisfaction for online foreign language learning, which might eventually influence students" actual learning outcomes.