Background : Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge is herbaceous perennial plant used for medicine with tuber root. This experiment was conducted to establish proper drying method of Anemarrhena asphodeloides for GAP post-harvest management manual. Methods and Results : Anemarrhena asphodeloides radix was cut in 3mm thickness after washing. Drying methods were air curing, sun drying, and hot-air drying (45℃, 50℃, 55℃, 60℃). Dry matter ratio (DMR) and moisture content (MC) were checked for every 12 hours for air curing and sun drying and checked for every 2 hours for hot-air drying. In 6 hours hot air drying at 45℃ and 50℃, DMR and MC were 39.9%, 38.4% and 13.5%, 12.8% respectively. In 4 hours hot air drying at 60℃, DMR and MC were 38.0% and 13.6% respectively. In air curing and sun drying for 4 days, DMR and MC were 37.0%, 37.6% and 12.3%, 13.1% respectively. Color value according to drying methods was higher as 74.57 in ℓ value under 50℃ hot air drying and lower as 65.35 under air-curing. a value was higher as 3.50 under air-curing and lower as 0.47 under 50℃ hot air drying. Conclusion : In 6 hours hot air drying at 50℃, MC was 12.8% and color value was higher as 74.57 in ℓ value and lower as 0.47and 22.59 in a value and b value respectively. This result showed that hot air drying for 6 hours at 50℃ was more proper for Anemarrhena asphodeloides radix drying.

Background : Cynanchum wilfordii is a perennial species of climbing vine belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. Cynanchum wilfordii native to Korea has been cultivated and used for medicine with tuber root. Direct seeding and seedling transplanting and tuber root seed (below ∅10 ㎜) planting have been performed for cultivation. This experiment was carried out to investigate growth and yield characteristics of Cynanchum wilfordii according to planting method. Methods and Results : Direct-seeding and tuber root seed (TRS) planting were performed in early April and seedling transplanting with seedling grown for 40 days was performed in early may. TRS size was 2 – 3 ㎝ in length and 10 ㎜ and 20 ㎜ in diameter respectively. Seedling establishment rate was similar as 97.3% - 99.0% in all treatments. Vine length, branch number, node number and chlorophyll content were not significantly different in all treatments. Stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width were higher in TRS planting. Main root number was more as 4.5 - 4.3 in seedling planting and TRS planting (∅20 ㎜) respectively but first lateral root number was not significantly different in all treatments. Root diameter was thicker as 23.3 ㎜ in TRS planting (∅20 ㎜). Total yield in TRS planting (∅20 ㎜) was higher as 1,041 ㎏/10 a, 25% increased compared to 830 ㎏/10 a of direct seeding and with higher commercial yield rate of 75.7%. Conclusion : It was considered that higher total yield and commercial yield in TRS planting (∅20 ㎜) was resulted from bigger size of stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width and bigger main root size related to root yield and commercial value.

Background : Currently sprout ginsengs are produced in extensive variations of cultivation times, methods and specifications that are different in each farm in Korea. Also, regardless the effective ingredient content of ginseng, overgrown sprout ginseng are distributed so that the quality standardization of sprout ginseng is urgently required. The sprout ginseng market is only a segment of the Korean ginseng market still. However, If development of processed products utilizing the functionalities is connected, the market may exponentially grow. Also, if the use of sprout ginseng is extended to productions of drinks, cosmetics, facial masks and others in the cosmetics and health functional food industries, the export competitiveness to the global market is expected to increase. Therefore, this study aims the quality standardization of sprout ginseng to secure the market competitiveness in Korea and overseas by examining the property change following the cultivation phases. Methods and Results : For the overground growing in green houses, the sprout ginsengs planted in early April and early June show to be better in growing than the ones planted in early August. For the underground growing, while no significance is found among the cultivation periods, the sprout ginsengs planted in early June are excellent in terms of the root length and the weight of overground portion. Also, according to the examination on the stem properties of 2-year grown sprout ginsengs in each cultivation time, a trend that, as the growing period is longer from 25 days to 35 days, 45 days and 95 days, the hardness, gumminess, chewingness and springiness of stem are higher. And, on the hardness, gumminess, chewingness and springiness of leaf, while no statistically significance is found in the growing periods from 25 days to 45 days, the 95-day sprout ginsengs show high figures referring that the leaves becomes tougher. Conclusion : In case of cultivating sprout ginsengs in a green house, cultivating in April - June is advantageous for the overground and underground growing. And, it is determined that cultivating sprout ginsengs for 35 - 45 days produces leaves and stems with the most excellent chewing textures felt by consumers when chewing.

This study was carried out to investigate shelf-life and quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma (Dioscorea bulbifera) in order to elevate utilization of Dungkunma a fresh food. Before vacuum-packaging (in polyethylene/polypropylene film (100μm, 15×20 cm, 75±2 cmHg) and storaging at 2℃, Dungkunma was peeled out and cut to dice type (2.0±0.5 cm3), and then washed and blanched using hot water (at 90±2℃ with 2% NaCl solution for 30 sec). Blanched Dungkunma was pre-dried at room temperature, 40℃ and 50℃ for removing surface water. Each peeled dice Dungkunma was packed 50 g in polyethylene/polypropylene film (100 μm, 15×20 cm) with vacuum treatment (75±2 cmHg) and stored at 2℃ for 90 days. Hardness and adhesiveness of Dungkunma blanched by 2% NaCl and pre-dried at 50℃ (SB50) were the highest, but changes were the least during storage. Lightness and yellowness of stored Dungkunma in all treatments decreased slightly while redness increased during storage. Changes of color of SB50 was the least. Total concentration of aerobic bacteria in SB50 was 1.88±0.18 log CFU/g during 90 days and E. coli was detected in all treatments during whole storage periods. Dioscin and allantoin contents of SB50 were virtually unchanged during the storage. Consequently, the results of this study suggest that vacuum packaged Dungkunma after blanching using 2% NaCl solution could be effective to prolong the quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. Accordingly, a chemical control system was made with the aim of effectively control gray mold, anthrax, and spotting disease which occur during growth period. fungicide resistance of gray mold rot was examined to find out whether the chemical control system can be used over the long term. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geumsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. The chemical control system was done to the plants of two years old or older. As for the order of the treatment, from the end of April to May Fludioxonil (A) and Pyraclostrobin (B) were used; from the mid-May to the end of July of growth stages Difenoconazole (C), Iminoctadinetris (albesilate) (D), Cyprodinil (E), Metconazole (F), Fluazinam (G) and Pyrimethanil (H); from August to September nonresidualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb (K); in November of hibernating period, Fenhexamid (I) and Carbendazim/diethofencarb (J) were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The isolation of Botrytis cinerea for examination into mycelial growth inhibition rate was conducted to 4-year old ginseng in Geumsan, 5-year old in Yesan, and 3-year old in Sejong. In Geumsan, the mycelial growth inhibition rate to Botrytis cinerea was 75.5% - 100%. Every fungicides showed good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was seen in fungicide B at 75.5%. K showed the prevention rate at 76.8%, D at 82.7%, and I at 82.2%, and other fungicides at 100%. In Sejong area, the hyphal prevention rate of Botrytis cinerea was 71.0% - 100%, indicating all fungicides show good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was recorded by fungicide B at 71.1%, D at 81.1%, K at 85.4%, and I at 95.4%. Yesan area also showed similar results to those of Geumsan and Sejong. Conclusion : Botrytis cinerea was isolated from ginseng and mycelial growth inhibition effect was examined in concentration of 11 kinds of fungicides. In all three areas where chemical control system were applied, resistance was not found, suggesting that the chemical control system can be applied to control diseases of ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. In particular, gray mold rot occurs to plants of every year, growth duration, and hibernating stage, and decays leaves, stems, and roots, lowering the amount of harvest. This experiment was conducted with the aim of effectively preventing gray mold rot, and other major diseases such as anthrax and spotting disease, and establishing chemical control system. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geunsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. As for the procedure of medical treatment, from the end of April to early May of germination period, Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin were used. From the mid-May to the end of July of growth period, Difenoconazole, Iminoctadine tris (albesilate), Cyprodinil, Metconazole, Fluazinam, and Pyrimethanil were used. From August to September, non residualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb was used. In November of hibernating stage, Fenhexamid and Carbendazim/diethofencarb were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The chemical control system effect was compared with conventional prevention. When chemical control system was used, stem spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 0.34% than 1.2% of the conventional method. Leaf spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 1.4% compared with 7.1% of the conventional method, and anthrax occurred at a lower rate by more than 10% than the conventional method. Stem gray mold rot occurred at a rate of 4.1% when the conventional method was used, but the rate stood at 5.3% in Geumsan, 8.9% in Yesan, 2.3% in Sejong when the prevention method was used, which suggest the chemical control system was effective. Conclusion : When chemical control system was applied to prevent major diseases of ginseng, spotting disease, anthrax, and gray mold occurred at lower rates compared with the case where the conventional method was used. The finding is that the chemical control system can be utilized to prevent major diseases of ginseng.

Background : Dungkunma (Dioscorea bulbifera, commonly known as the air potato, air yam, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam) is a species of true yam in the yam family, and has been used as folk remedy to treat conjunctivitis, diarrhea and dysentery, etc. This study was carried out to investigate shelf-life and quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma (Dioscorea bulbifera) in order to elevate utilization of Dungkunma as fresh food. Methods and Results : Before vacuum-packaging (in polyethylene/polypropylene film (100 ㎛, 15 × 20 ㎝, 75 ± 2 ㎝Hg) and storage at 2℃, Dungkunma were peeled out and cut to dice type (2.0 ± 0.5 ㎤), and then washed and blanched (30 sec at 90 ± 2℃ hot water and 2% NaCl solution) and pre-dried at room temperature, 40℃ and 50℃ for removing surface water. Each peeled dice Dungkunma were packed 50 g in polyethylene/polypropylene film (100 ㎛, 15 × 20 ㎝) with vacuum treatment (75 ± 2 ㎝Hg) and stored at 2℃ for 90 days. Hardness and adhesiveness of Dungkunma blanched by 2% NaCl and pre-dried at 50℃ (SB50) was the highest and increased and decreased, respectively, but changes was the least during storage. Lightness and yellowness of stored Dungkunma in all treatments decreased slightly and redness increased during storage but changes of color was the least at SB50. On vacuum packing, SB50 showed 1.88 log CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria during 90 days, and E. coliwas detected in all treatments during whole storage periods. Dioscin and allantoin content of SB50 was virtually unchanged during the storage. Conclusion : Consequently, the results of this study suggest that vacuum packaged Dungkunma after blanching at 2% NaCl could be effective to prolong the quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma and could be easily used.

Background : Korea ginseng root has been traditionally used as a tonic as it is stated to have the capacity to normalize body functions and strengthen systems that are caused by various stresses. So, ginseng is functional food with the functionalities certified by Korea Food and Drug Administration. But, there are not many different products using ginseng. This study was conducted to develop the new ginseng beverage product using emulsify process. Methods and Results : White ginseng and red ginseng, 4-years old, prepared were ground to 60 ± 5 mesh using a grinder (Cyclotec 1093, POSS Co., Swiss). Emulsion with white ginseng powder (WGP) and lipid phase (canola oil) were prepared using the modified method (Yun & Hong, 2007). Oil-in water emulsions were made by homogenizing (5,000 – 15,000 rpm, 20 – 60 min), and then were analysed ginsenosides content, protein and polysaccharide content. The higher the speed of homogenizer and the longer the time, the higher the ginsenosides extraction rate. On emulsifying for 60 min at 12,000 rpm, ginsenosides were extracted by more than 95%. Red ginseng powder (RGP) was superior to WGP in emulsified activity, but WGP was superior to RGP in emulsion stabilizing. Comparing components of WGP and RGP emulsion, RGP had more ginsenosides content than WGP, and less polysaccharides content. When mixing WGP and RGP with a ratio of 90 : 10 – 70 : 30, the emulsion have excellent emulsifying and stabilizing. Conclusion : Thus, WGP and RGP are the same ginseng, but they have different physiological characteristics because their manufacturing process is different. These studies may provide new product development for effective utilization of ginseng by using excellent emulsion stabilizing of WGP and emulsifying of RGP.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum root (PGR) was one of the primary herbs used in a phlegm-relieving herb from the past. Platycoside compounds on PGR may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. In order to developing a concentrate product that improved the functionality and preference of PGR, it was fermented using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum N76-10 and 56-12). Methods and Results : The concentrate products were created by PGR-concentrate (PGRC, 60 ºBrix) mixed with fermented PGR-extract (FPGRE, 2 ºBrix) at the level of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200%. Sweetness and preference were supplemented by other added materials including honey, oligosaccharide, concentrate of jujube (60 ºBrix) and pear (60 ºBrix), and cactus Chounnyouncho extract (2 ºBrix). The products were put into investigation for their preference of taste, antimicrobial activity in accordance with amount of FPGRE. When it comes to preference of taste, the most favor is adding 100% of FPGRE on PGRC. The product added 150% FPGRE exhibited a strong microbial anti-proliferation in all four kinds (Corynrbacterium diphtheriae, Klebsiella pnneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) of bacteria inducing bronchus diseases and was higher antimicrobial activity than concentrate without FPGRE. In terms of the sensory evaluation (taste, texture and visco-elasticity), concentrate mixed with FPGRE (10), jujube concentrate (2), pear concentrate (10), cactus Chounnyouncho extract (10), oligosaccharide (2), honey (1) and xanthan gum (0.02) showed the highest scores. Conclusion : Thus, A PGR concentrate was made by adding FPGRE (100%) and it was increased organoleptic quality, antimicrobial activity. These studies may provide new product development for effective utilization on Platycodon grandiflorum root.

Background : In this study, a total of 46 breeding lines consisting of native ginseng collections from Geumsan was analyzed and clustered for the selection of Geumsan native ginseng in Korea using DNA markers. Methods and Results : We collected 46 Ginseng breeding lines from Geumsan : GS97-25 - GS00-58. Analyses of the genetic characteristics of the collection were conducted for extraction gDNA using sprout. 46 Ginseng breeding lines from Geumsan could be identified polymorphism using the selected 5 primer. We determained that the 46 breeding lines analyzed could be classified into 5 groups with similartiy value of 0.77 in dendrogram derived from the cluster analysis based on STS-markers. Group 4, which is the largest one, contained 19 collertions (41%). Conclusion : These finding could be used for morphological and genetic characteristics for produced native ginseng in Geumsan area. Futhermore, We could be used diverse genetic resources for Ginseng breeding.

Background : For cultivation of varieties of ginseng, the pure line selection method, which is to select the best among those cultivated in farms for pedigree breeding, replicated yield trials and regional adaptation trials before registering as a new variety, is widely used. Although there are 25 registered varieties of ginseng in Korea, the quality of ginseng is declining together with the amount of harvest being decreased by 15 - 20% due to the heat injuries and diseases from the warming & abnormal climate. Thus, the needs for development of disaster-resistant varieties with better chances of surviving through high temperature, salts and disease are increasing. Therefore, this study is to cultivate disaster-resistant varieties among those selected for their disaster tolerance and salt tolerance through regional adaptation trials. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the growth characteristics of the selected 2 - 5 year old varieties used in the study, among the 5-year old crops, Goryeo 4 and Eumseong 5 showed superior growth in both above and below aerial parts, and among the 4-year old crops, Eumseong 11 and Cheonryang showed superior growth while the growth in the below aerial parts were satisfactory in the order of Cheonryang > Eumseong 10 > Eumseong 11 > Eumseong 9. Among the 3-year old crops, the most superior growth in both above and below aerial parts was observed in Eumseong 14 with the weight of the below aerial part, root diameter and taproot length at 13.8 g, 11.8 ㎝ and 6.2 ㎝ respectively. Among the 2-year old crops, Eumseong 10 showed the most superior growth in both above and below aerial parts. Conclusion : Based on the above results, Goryeo 4 and Eumseong 5 among the 5-year old crops, Eumseong 11 among the 4-year old crops, Eumseong 14 among the 3-year old crops and Eumseon 10 among the 2-year old crops showed the most superior growth among the selected varieties. The growth characteristics of both above and below aerial parts in each year will continuously be monitored.