In this study, the toxic effects of fenoxycarb on biological traits of nontarger arthropod P. rosea, Collembola. The tests were assessed in the OECD artificial soil under two different exposure condtions, one was exposed in the bulk soil, and the other was exposed in the compacted soil which unidirectional force was applied to the soil surface. In the bulk system, survived adults and hatched juveniles were counted after 28-day exposures, and in the compact system, survived adults, eggs, hatched juveniles and molts were counted everyday until no more hatching. The toxic effect of fenoxycarb on survival and juvenile production of P. rosea in the bulk system was more toxic than that of the compact system. Juveniles and eggs were seriously affected as compared with toxic effect for adults. Particularly, toxic effect on hatching rate (3.75 mg/kg EC50juvenile) were very higher than that on oviposition (200.868 mg/kg EC50egg) or survival rate of adults ( >1200 mg/kg LC50). The molting freauency of P. rosea was decreased in a concentration dependent manner. These results suggest that the IGRs fenoxycarb exhibit significant impacts on the biological traits of non-target organisms P. rosea and its toxic effects are differently assessed depending on the exposure conditions.

In recent, the ISO has suggested a new guideline by using an avoidance behavior of soil invertebrates for the use of screening tools in the evaluation of soil contamination. In this study, we used a collembolan, Paronychiurus kimi which is native to Korea, as a test species because of its ecological relevance to Korean soil. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether the exposure time (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) and cadmium concentration (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of dry soil) affect the avoidance behavior of P. kimi. Twenty collembolans were introduced to the center of the soil which divided into two sections; cadmium untreated soil was placed in one of the section, and the cadmium treated soil was placed in the opposite section. To minimize soil structural effect on the avoidance behavior, the both soils were compacted by applying unidirectional force to the soil surface. The avoidance behaviors of P. kimi were not significantly affected by cadmium concentrations after 24 and 48 h of exposure, but were significant after 72-120 h. There results showed that avoidance behavior appears to be a good endpoint for the use in evaluation of soil contamination with 72 h of exposure duration.

Male cicadas produced species-specific calling songs to attract conspecific receptive females. Male cicadas typically occupy tree trunks or tree branches during calling song production. We studied calling site preference in four species of cicada: Cryptotympana dubia, Meimuna opalifera, Oncotympana fuscata, and Meimuna mongolica. Several males were observed to sing together in a tree in C. dubia, but males of other species tended to sing singly in trees. There were also cases in which two or three individuals of different species sang together in a tree. Species differed significantly in height of and distance to trunk from calling site. Both tree height and tree crown were significant factors for calling site preference. The height of calling site was the highest in C. dubia, followed by M. opalifera, M. mongolica, and O. fuscata. The distance to trunk from calling site in M. opalifera was the farthest and was significantly different from those of other species. Males of other species tended to sing close to tree trunks. Males of M. opalifera were mobile when they produced calling songs, whereas males of other species were stationary. That is, males of M. opalifera sang only for short periods of time and moved around adjacent trees. Segregation of calling sites suggests that these four cicada species occupy different sections of trees, thereby avoiding competition for calling sites.