Background: Hanwoo cattle, an indigenous Korean breed, have become economically significant due to genetic improvements and large-scale farming. As individual cow value increases, understanding their unique physiology across different life stages is crucial for optimal health management. This retrospective study aimed to investigate serum biochemistry differences among non-pregnant, pregnant, and fattening female Hanwoo cattle and establish breed-specific reference intervals (RIs) for accurate health assessment, utilizing data obtained from routine veterinary care. Methods: Blood samples were collected from female Hanwoo cattle, categorized as pregnant (n = 12), non-pregnant (n = 25), and fattening (n = 11). Eighteen serum biochemical parameters were analyzed and descriptive statistics were calculated for each group. The new RIs in different reproductive status of female Hanwoo were established using the Reference Value Advisor program. Results: Significant differences based on reproductive status were identified in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), triglyceride (TG), glucose (GLU), and creatinine (CRE) levels. BUN, GGT, and TG levels were significantly higher in fattening cattle compared to pregnant and non-pregnant cows. GLU levels increased progressively across pregnant, non-pregnant, and fattening groups, while CRE levels were significantly higher in pregnant cows. Based on values of biochemical parameters, new RI were suggested for sixteen biochemical parameters, encompassing all three reproductive stages. Conclusions: This study established new RIs for female Hanwoo cattle across nonpregnant, pregnant, and fattening stages, providing a more accurate basis for health assessment and management. These findings will contribute to improved individual cow management, supporting genetic improvement efforts, and enhancing overall herd health in female Hanwoo cattle.

Plants have evolved elaborate innate immune systems against invading pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, viruses and insects. Among them, intracellular immune receptors known as nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) play critical roles in effector-triggered immunity (ETI) regarding to plant defense. Here, we identified potential NB-LRR coding sequences from pepper genome using bioinformatics analysis and performed comparative analysis with Solanaceae plants. As a result, we identified 267, 443, and 755 NBS-encoding genes in the genome of tomato, potato, and pepper, respectively. These may indicate that the Solanaceae NB-LRRs were evolved through species-specific unequal-duplication event. Further phylogenetic and clustering analyses revealed that Solanaceae NB-LRRs were classified into the 14 subgroups with 1 TNL and 13 CNL types. We found that the genes in CNL-G1 and CNL-G2 subgroup were highly expanded compared to other subgroup showing a large portion of NB-LRR in pepper genome. Among 755 NB-LRRs in pepper genome, 623 were physically mapped on all 12 pepper chromosome pseudomolecules. Furthermore, a number of NB-LRRs in the same group were physically clustered by tandem array in the specific chromosome. Genome-wide identification of pepper NB-LRR family and their evolutionary analysis could provide an important resource for identification and characterization of genes for breeding of disease resistance crops.

Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) is frequently occurring virus in pepper field. PepMoV infected plants show symptoms including mosaic leaf, distortion of foliage and fruit deformation. The dominant gene Pvr7 from Capsicum annuum ‘9093’ confers resistance to PepMoV. Previous research reveals that Pvr7 is located in 10 chromosome and linked to the dominant potyvirus resistance gene Pvr4 and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance gene Tsw. To identify the Pvr7 gene, we constructed an intraspecific F2 mapping population from a cross between C. annuum ‘9093’ (PepMov resistant) and C. annuum ‘Jejujaerae’ (PepMoV susceptible). Resistance of F2 plants were screened with green flouorescent protein (GFP) tagged PepMoV. Genomic DNA was extracted from F2 individuals and markers were developed using C.annuum ‘CM334’ whole genome sequence (WGS). Several single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that were co-segregated with Pvr7 were developed. We are expecting that this Pvr7 SNP marker can be used to breeding PepMoV resistant cultivars and fine mapping of Pvr7.