P-Cygni type Lyα from starburst galaxies, either nearby galaxies or Lyman Break galaxies, are believed to be formed by galactic outflows such as galactic supershells or galactic superwinds. We develope a Monte Carlo code to calculate the Lyα line transfer in a galactic supershell which is expanding and formed of uniform and dusty neutral hydrogen gas. The escape of Lyα photons from the system is achieved by a number of back-scatterings. A series of emission peaks are formed by back-scatterings. When we observe P-Cygni type Lyα emissions of starforming galaxies, we can usually see merely singly-peaked emission. Hence the secondary and the tertiary emission humps should be destroyed. In order to do this, dust should be spatially more extended into the inner cavity than neutral supershell. We find that the kinematic information of the expanding supershell is conserved even in dusty media. We discuss the astrophysical applications of our results.

I investigated a method for drawing the star chart in the planisphere Cheonsang-yeolcha-bunyajido. The outline of the star chart can be constructed by considering the astronomical information given in the planisphere alone and the drawing method described in Xin-Tangshu; further the chart can be completed by using additional information on the shape and linking method of asterisms out of an inherited star chart. The circles of perpetual visibility, the equator, and the circle of perpetual invisibility are concentric, and their common center locates the Tianshu-xing, which was defined to be a pole star in the Han dynasty. The radius of the circle of perpetual visibility was modified in accordance with the latitude of Seoul, whereas the other circles were drawn for the latitude of 35°, which had been the reference latitude in ancient Chinese astronomy. The ecliptic was drawn as an exact circle by parallel transference of the equator circle to fix the location of the equinoxes at the positions recorded in the epitaph of the planisphere. The positions of equinoxes originated from the Han dynasty. The 365 ticks around the boundary of the circle of perpetual invisibility were possibly drawn by segmenting the circumference with an arc length instead of a chord length with the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter as accurate as 3.14 presumed. The 12 equatorial sectors were drawn on the boundary of the star-chart in accordance with the beginning and ending lodge angles given in the epitaph that originated from the Han dynasty. The determinative lines for the 28 lunar lodges were drawn to intersect their determinative stars, but seven determinative stars are deviated. According to the treatises of the Tang dynasty, these anomalies were inherited from charts of the period earlier than the Tang dynasty. Thus, the star chart in Cheonsang-yeolcha-bunyajido preserves the old tradition that had existed before the present Chinese tradition reformed in approximately 700 CE. In conclusion, the star chart in Cheonsang-yeolcha-bunyajido shows the sky of the former Han dynasty with the equator modified to the latitude of Seoul.

We investigated ‘Song of the Sky Pacers, Adopted to the New Methods’ (ÿ˜Ø), the latest version of Joseon’s ‘Song of the Sky Pacers’ (˜Ø). Due to the influence of new knowledge on Chinese asterisms imported from the Ching dynasty, ‘Song of the Sky Pacers with New Star-Charts’ was written in the eighteenth century. However, the disagreement between song and star-charts was causing confusion in practical applications such as Joseon’s national examination for selecting astronomers. In order to improve this situation, Royal Observatory of the Joseon dynasty (núš) published ‘Song of the Sky Pacers, Adopted to the New Methods’ based upon star-charts and song in the Sequel of I-Hsiang-K’ao-ch’eng (Œaéúx0A). The New Song was edited by a middle-class professional astronomer Yi Jun-yang (¯–]), and corrected by a nobleman Nam Byeong-gil (¢"Ø). We establish a brief biography of Yi Junyang. The New Song preserves the genuine characteristics of previous Joseon’s Song including the format of title of each lunar mansion and description on the location of the Milky Way in the asterisms. The description of the Milky Way was newly written based on the data in volume 31 and 32 of the Sequel of I-Hsiang-K’ao-ch’eng.