The developmental biology and morphological characteristics of the immature stages of Hypolimnas bolina were studied in the laboratory using host plant, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. This species has six larval stadia, with an egg period of 2.4 ± 0.54 days, a larval period of 16.8 ± 2.3 days, and a pupal period of 10 ± 1 days. It takes approximately 30 days to mature from egg to adult. Illustrations and descriptions of the various immature stages and their behaviors are provided.

This study was to psychological effects of insect healing programs in Insect ecological garden. A sample of participated 9 families and non-participated 9 families in the survey from near study area in Sangju and Mungyeong, Gyeongbuk. The nine families in the experimental group participated in an insect experience activity healing programs using emotional insects(butterfly, beetle and endangered insect) and edible insect. All the participants were examined to psychological effect with major family strength, PANAS, POMS-B, PSS, CES-D and GAD-7 in before and after the program. The results of this study showed that the healing program of insect experience activities had a positive effect on the participated families of Family strength, PANAS, POMS-B, PSS, CES-D and GAD-7. The participated families preferred insects more than before healing program of insect experience activities. And participated families in the insect healing program showed high satisfaction. As a result, we were going to investigate the effect of the family type insect healing program in this study. In the future, the insect ecological healing program will be able to be applied to various subjects. These result reveals that the insect healing program performed in insect ecological healing program may improve stress, depressive and anxiety disorders symptoms of people.

기존의 바나듐 레독스 흐름전지(vanadium redox flow battery, VRFB)에서 사용하고 있는 과불소계이오노머인 나피 온(Nafion)은 전해질에 존재하는 바나듐 이온의 투과도가 높아, 바나듐 이온이 분리막을 투과하여 반대쪽 전해질로 교차 이동 하는 문제를 갖고 있다. VRFB에서 바나듐 이온의 투과는 서로 다른 산화수를 갖는 바나듐 이온이 부반응을 일으켜 충전, 방전 용량의 감소를 야기하고, 장기적인 성능 감소를 일으키는 원인이 된다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 SiO2에 3-aminopropyl group이 도입된 나노입자(fS)를 Nafion에 분산시켜 바나듐 이온의 투과를 감소시키고, VRFB의 장기적인 성능 의 향상을 도모하고자 하였다. SiO2에 붙어 있는 아민기(-NH2)가 Nafion의 술폰산 음이온(SO3 -)과 이온결합을 형성함과 동시 에, 암모늄 양이온(-NH3 +)의 양전하가 바나듐 이온에 대해 Gibbs-Donnan 효과를 나타내어 낼 것이라고 기대하였다. fS를 섞은 Nafion 용액의 pH와 Nafion-fS 막의 IEC 측정을 통해 암모늄 양이온과 술폰산 음이온의 이온결합이 존재하는 것을 확인하였고, fS의 양이 많아질수록 바나듐 이온의 투과도가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. VRFB 단위 전지에 제조한 복합막을 도입하였을 때, 150 mA/cm2의 전류밀도에서 충방전 사이클을 200회 반복 진행하여도 방전용량을 최대 80%까지 유지할 수 있었다.

The developmental biology and morphological characteristics of the immature stages of Argynnis nerippe were studied in the laboratory using host plant, Viola papilionacea. Dormancy of the first instar larvae was broken when exposed in summer-like conditions (25 ± 1℃ and continuous illumination of 5000-7000 lux). Feeding began within 1-2 days after awakening. This species has six larval stadia and individuals take ca. 60 days (excluding dormancy) to mature from egg to adult. Illustrations and descriptions of the various immature stages and their behaviors are provided.

The present study was carried out to revise the species of Chlaeniini in Carabidae from Korea, using both classic taxonomy and molecular analysis. Another aim is to decide the taxonomic position of Chlaenius micans Fabricius of which subgeneric status in the genus has been in question. As a part of the results, Chlaenius spathulifer Bates, 1873 was newly recognized to Korean insect fauna. With this new addition Korean Chlaeniini contains now in total 34 species and two genera. This study provids a key to species, photos of adult habitus, photos of male genitalia and redescriptions of 28 Korean species in Chlaeniini.

Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Gryon japonicum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) are major egg parasitoids of Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), a mobile pest on several crops in Korea and Japan. We compared the sensitivity of the two parasitoids to different temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions to understand their phenological relations. Less than 6 hours old naïve female adult O. nezarae and G. japonicum were individually kept in 50 ml tubes without food and water sources. The tubes were placed in three humidity conditions (50-55, 70-75, and 90-95% RH) in desiccators. These desiccators were then maintained at 20, 25, and 30°C. In each temperature and RH combination 75-76 individuals were assessed for the mortality every 8 hours. G. japonicum was found to survive longer (37-116 hours) in all the temperature and RH combinations than O. nezarae (31-103 hours). Both the two parasitoids survived better in higher RH in all temperatures. The reduced sensitivity to lower humidity by G. japonicum compared to O. nezarae may explain the earlier occurrence of G. japonicum in the spring. The relations with seasonal occurrence of the two parasitoids were discussed.

To understand microhabitat distribution of insect pest is important for developing timely management tactics. We investigated within plant distribution of Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Hemiptera: Alydidae) eggs and its’ parasitism by egg parasitoids such as Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in soybean fields. Sampling was carried out to determine the most preferred oviposition site (upper leaf surface, under leaf surface, pod and stem) in different varieties of soybean (Daewon, Cheongja, Taegwang, Daepung, Seomoktae, Seoritae) in Andong, 2007 and 2008. Parasitism was recorded only in 2008. In seasonal total, proportion of R. clavatus eggs deposited within soybean plant was significantly higher on under leaf surface (70-97%) followed by upper leaf surface, pod, and stem (2-29%, 0-8% and 0-2%, respectively) depending on varieties of soybean. In seasonal total, parasitism rate by O. nezarae was significantly higher on the eggs collected from under leaf surface (61%) followed by eggs collected from upper surface of the leaves (43%), pods (7%) and stem (33%). In conclusion, R. clavatus prefer upper leaf surface the most as a oviposition substrate in soybean, and highest parasitism by O. nezarae on the host eggs was also found on upper leaf surface.

Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a gregarious egg parasitoid of Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Hemiptera: Alydidae) and also attack three other stink bugs in soybean fields. In a previous study the refrigerated R. clavatus eggs were supplemented in soybean fields and found to enhance the parasitism by Gryon japonicum (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a sympatric solitary parasitoid of R. clavatus, but not by O. nezarae. Therefore, the R. clavatus eggs refrigerated for 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days were evaluated for the parasitization by O. nezarae in the laboratory. The number of parasitized host eggs, number of adult parasitoids emerged, immature mortality, sex ratio, development time, adult longevity, and size of the parasitoids were examined for the parasitoids exposed to or emerged from the refrigerated host eggs. All the attributes examined were not affected by the refrigeration of host eggs for up to 60 days. In addition, refrigeration did not change the reproduction capacity of the emerged adult parasitoids nor the biological attributes of their offsprings. In the evaluation of post-refrigeration period of the host eggs, O. nezarae parasitized the eggs successfully for the first 4 days after the refrigeration at 26.3ºC and 78.7% RH conditions. Since O. nezarae can parasitize the eggs of R. clavatus that were refrigerated up to 60 days, the underlying reason for the no-change in parasitism by O. nezarae in the field supplemented with refrigerated host eggs is in further investigation.