The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) strip using recombinant MPB70 (rMPB70) protein as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of naturally occurring tuberculosis in cattle. The study was performed on 249 cattle from populations known to be free from Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and 119 cattle with M. bovis infection, confirmed postmortem. Compared to reference standards (culture isolation and/or visible lesion), the sensitivity of ICT was 94.12% (95% CI: 89.89∼98.35%) while the specificity was 96.80% (95% CI; 94.62∼96.82%). The findings indicate that the ICT strip is efficient for diagnosing bovine tuberculosis in cattle from Korea.

Embryos formed in vivo were collected from 171 donors housed in Chung Cheong Buk-Do Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Research of the Chungbuk community during the years 2009∼2012. We evaluated annual embryo collection, effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandin (PG) administration to the donor for superovulation and controlling the estrus cycle, seasonal effects of embryo collection and compared the number of embryos recovered as per the collection days and pregnancy rate. In all, 1,243 embryos were collected from 118 donors with an average of 7.31 ± 5.35 embryos per donor, out of which 69.4% were transferable. Dosages of FSH required for inducing superovulation in various donors were compared. Average number of embryos collected from donors administered with 30 AU of FSH (7.13 ± 5.74 per donor) was not significantly different from that of donors who were given an injection of 24 AU of FSH (7.53 ± 4.91 per donor). However, the percentage of transferable embryos in the 30AU FSH-administered group (63.2 %, 449 of 711) was higher than that in the 24AU FSH-administered group (77.8%, 414 of 532). In the group of donors under a natural estrus cycle, the FSH dose administered did not influence the number of transferable embryos produced (7.49 ± 6.25 per donor for 30 AU of FSH vs 7.49 ± 4.92 per donor for 24 AU of FSH). However, in donors administered with CIDR and PG for controlling the estrus cycle, the FSH dose affected the average number of transferable embryos collected (4.25 ± 2.87 per donor for 30 AU of FSH vs 8.50 ± 6.36 per donor for 24 AU of FSH). We collected embryos from donors 6, 7 or 8 days after artificial insemination (AI). Results showed that the percentage of transferable embryos among those collected 8 days after AI was significantly higher than that among embryos collected 6 or 7 days after AI. Seasonal variations did not affect number of recovered embryos and pregnancy rates in natural estrus cycle and CIDR treatment groups (48.28% and 42.55%) but higher than pregnancy rate of frozen embryos (19.63%). These results indicated that administration of FSH beyond a threshold dose (at least 24 AU) has no beneficial effect on the production embryos and that collection of embryos 7∼8 days after AI is optimal for embryo recovery. CIDR treatment induced superovulation in short term and had no influence on the natural estrus cycle. Finally, although good-quality embryos were transferred, freezing significantly reduced the pregnancy rates after transfer.

The freemartinism is the most frequent form of intersexuality found in cattle, and females of heterosexual twins become sterile. With increase of twinning rates due to transfer of multiple embryos derived from in vitro fertilization, it is of great economic value to establish early diagnosis of freemartins to remove infertile individuals from breeding stock. In the present study polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of two different Y-chromosome specific segments (BRY.l and AMX/Y) was performed to identify freemartins from twins and less common single born freemartins in Korean Native Cattle (KNC). Two male-specific sequences were amplified in all heterosexual twins tested (n=5). In addition, Y-specific PCR products were detectable in one of the single born females (n=4) with visible genital abnormalities. These results suggest that the sensitivity of PCR-based assay may be sufficient to detect freemartinism in single born females as well as female partners of heterosexual twins in KNC.

Background : The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to high quality food ramie rice cake, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of different Split Application and Adapted Fertilizer Culture for Stable Production with Edible Leaf in Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.). Methods and Results : Method of fertilizer application were conducted under three condition compose to standard application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 27-9-27-1,500 ㎏․ 10 a−1), 25% increased application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 34-11-34-1,500 ㎏․10 a−1), 50% increased application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 41-14-41-1,500 ㎏․ 10 a−1) cultivation. Compost and fused phosphate applied at 100% of basal fertilizer in March 25. The split application level of standard application (N-K) applied at 50% of basal fertilizer in March 25, 50% of top dressing were five times application (N-K) in May 4, July 5, September 5, October 5, 20% respectively. Transplanting with Yeongkwang varieties in April 12 by growing pot seedling for 35 days in 2011. Planting density were spaced 60 ㎝ apart in rows 25 ㎝ apart with rice straw cutting covered open cultivation. Plot design randomized block 3 repetition. Conclusion : Organic matter, available phosphate, K2O, CaO, and MgO of soil increased in all plots with the addition of fertilizers culture, specifically in 25% and 50% increased application. Growth characteristics by 50% of top dressing were five times application (N-K) in May 4, July 5, September 5, October 5, compared to standard application (N-K) applied at 100% basal fertilizer, aerial part as a result were so many such amount of growth as number of branch and leaf per plant, etc., Length, width of leaf and leaf colorimetry of aboveground part growth increment rising highest. Green leaf yields compared to standard fertilizer 100% application (1,344 kg․ 10 a−1). 25% and 50% increased application (N-K) applied at 50% basal fertilizer, 50% of top dressing were five times application increased by 9%, 17%. respectively.

Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly affects gene expression within the plant genome. To access the physiological response of rice to different types of ionizing radiation, rice seeds were exposed to gamma-ray and ion beam radiation. Exposure to ionizing radiation dramatically decreased the shoot length compared with non-irradiated plants. Fluorescence-activated-cell-sorting (FACs) was used to measure DNA contents. There were significant correlations of dose-dependent between irradiated plant and non-irradiated plant. The radicals induced by the ionizing radiation in the plant could be observed by electron spin resonance (ESR). It was confirmed that the number of free radicals in cell was greatly increased all irradiated plants than non-irradiated plant. A significant positive correlation was shown between ionizing radiation dose and signal intensity. In order to determine the Genetic diversity, AFLP analysis was conducted with the irradiated plant and non-irradiated plant. Based on band patterns, the cluster analysis was conducted to evaluate the genetic variation by using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Grouping Method of Averages). Genetic diversity of irradiated plants by low dose ion beam was the closest non-irradiated plant and irradiated by high dose gamma-ray was the furthest from non-irradiated. We describe the detailed methods of ionizing irradiation and discuss its applications in genetic research as well as plant breeding.

Ionizing radiation affects gene expression from plant genomes. To monitor the genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by three types of ionizing radiation, we used the rice RNA sequencing to identify genes that are up- or down-regulated by gamma rays (GAs), proton (PRs) and ion beams (IBs). The Oryza sativa jacalin-like lectin domain containing proteins (OsJAC1) gene was highly induced by GAs, PRs and IBs. OsJAC1 was selected based on the expression patterns of a genome-wide dataset of RNA sequencing. Many jacalin-related lectin genes have been shown to be associated with disease resistance, biotic and abiotic stress signaling. Therefore, we studied its expression pattern in response to different abiotic stress and phytohormone treatments. The expression patterns of OsJAC1 under two different abiotic stress conditions (salt and heat stress) and phytohormones (salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate) were examined. The transcripts of OsJAC1 were significantly induced in response to abiotic stress conditions, including salt and heat treatments. In addition, it was induced in response to the salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate treatments, respectively. To investigate the sub-cellular localization of OsJAC1, the gene was expressed as a fusion protein tagged with GFP, in tobacco leaf epidermis and examined under confocal microscope. The OsJAC1 was clearly localized at the nucleus. These results provide critical insights into the molecular functions of the rice jacalin-like lectin domain containing proteins as receptors of external signals.

‘Tocomi-1’, a new japonica rice cultivar derived from a 200 Gy gamma ray irradiation with high tocopherol content and red pericarp. The local adaptability test of MRXII-1001-1 was carried out from 2012 to 2014 and it was named as ‘Tocomi-1’ in 2014. This variety is medium matured with heading date of August 12 in honam plain area of Korea. This variety is about 80 cm tall culm length and 106 spikelets per panicle. Its 1,000 grain-weight of rice seeds is 25.4 g. The yield potential of this variety is about 5.15 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. This variety exhibited greater seed longevity than the Donganbyeo, indicating a crucial role for tocopherols in maintaining viability during quiescence, and displayed faster seedling growth during the early growth stage. Tocopherol contents was 50% higher than the Donganbyeo. To study the molecular mechanism underlying vitamin E biosynthesis, we examined the expression patterns of seven rice genes encoding vitamin E biosynthetic enzymes. Accumulation levels of the OsVTE2 transcript and OsVTE2 protein in the ‘Tocomi-1’ were significantly higher than in the Donganbyeo. Sequence analysis revealed that the ‘Tocomi-1’ harbored a point mutation in the OsVTE2 promoter region, which resulted in the generation of MYB transcription factor—binding cis-element. These results help identify the promoter regions that regulate OsVTE2 transcription, and offer insights into the regulation of tocopherol content in ‘Tocomi-1’.

Exposure to ionizing radiation is regarded as a kind of abiotic stresses that can change the expression of genes in living organisms. This study aimed on investigating the variations in gene expressions induced by two different types of irradiations with different doses, which were low linear energy transfer (LET) gamma rays (100, 200, and 400 Gy) and high LET ion-beams (20, 40, and 80 Gy) on rice. RNA sequencing was carried out using the Illumina HiSeq-2500 platform. The average amount of reads were 4.8 Gb per individual, and 5 to 8% of the reads were removed after quality control. More than 90% of the RNA-seq reads were mapped to the rice reference genome sequence (IRGSP-1.0). A total of 247 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparison of the gene expression levels between the wildtype and the irradiated individuals. The 247 DEGs were divided into five modules and 27 intra-modular hub genes were found using the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) method. The MEturquiose module had the most number of genes with 75 related to carbohydrate and small molecule metabolic processes. The co-expression network reconstructed using ARACNE (algorithm for reconstruction of accurate cellular networks) showed specific up- or down-regulation of the genes in each module according to the types and doses of radiation. This study will contribute to understanding the gene expression responses to ionizing irradiation.

Perilla frutescens (L.) is an annual herbaceous and ornamental plant in the Lamiaceae family. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.cv.Chookyoupjaso were irradiated using a 200 Gy gamma ray in 1995. By HPLC analysis, this new cultivar significantly induced isoegomaketone content compared with ‘Chookyoupjaso’ control. The phenotypical difference was the changed leaf color of the ‘Atom-Ketone’ from violet to green. The yield potential of this cultivar (106 kg/10a) was 1.83 folds higher than that of ‘Chookyoupjaso’ (57.65 kg/10a). The methanol extracts of ‘Atom-Ketone’ inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. This extract was further partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (BuOH), and water. The EtOAc fraction (EF-Atom-Ketone) was evaluated for antiinflammatory activities. These results indicated that the EF-Atom-Ketone reduced NO production by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The EF-Atom-Ketone treatment also significantly diminished expression of MCP-1 and IL-6. Therefore, ‘Atom-Ketone’ reveals the potential therapeutic use of bioactive

Perilla frutescens (L.) is an edible plant, not only used as s food ingredient, but also in skin cream, soaps, and medicinal preparetions. ‘Atom-Ros’, a perilla (Perilla frutescenc (L.) Britt. cv. Chookyoupjaso was developed in 1995 by 200 Gy gamma irradiation-mutagenesis. This new cultivar has high rosmarinic acid content more than two fold compare with ‘Chookyoupjaso’ control. The observed phenotypical difference was changed leaf color of the ‘Atom-Ketone’ from violet to green. The yield potential of this cultivar (123.5 kg/10a) was 2.14 fold higher than that of ‘Chookyoupjaso’ (57.65 kg/10a). The methanol extracts of ‘Atom-Ros’ were tested for inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophase cells. Atom-Ros showed significant inhibition of NO production. This rosmarinic acid extracted from ‘Atom-Ros’ has a good potential to be developed as an antioxidant agent.

In this study, the concentrations of isoflavones, anthocyanins and total phenol content (TPC) in 19 soybean mutant lines changed seed coat color from yellow to black or brown were determined. Among 19 soybean mutant lines, 5 soybean mutant lines with black pigment were detected 3 anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, D3G; cyaniding 3-O-β -D-glucoside, C3G; petunidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside, Pt3G). The highest concentration of anthocyanins among 5 soybean mutant lines was D-16 (1280.0 ± 19.4 mg/100g seed coat) derived from cv. Danbaek. Although isoflavone contents of all soybean mutant lines showed lower levels compared to original cultivars, glycitein was detected only 5 soybean mutant lines (DP-37-2, DP-38, DP-39, DP-40, and DP-41 derived from cv. Daepung). In TPC of 19 soybean mutant lines, DP-10 was increase levels compared to original cultivar, while DP-37-2, DP-40, and DP-41 were decrease levels of TPC. Using reduction of DPPH, we measured the free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) among 19 soybean mutant lines. Five black and 4 brown soybean mutants showed significant increase in FRSA. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that gamma irradiation may change the isoflavone, anthocyanin, and total phenol contents of soybean. These mutant lines using in this study can be useful for the breeding of soybean varieties altering the nutritional values.