The purpose of this study is to compare securing of walking roads’ cross section zones in the walking paths by street by street and city by city. The cities involved with this study are Seoul Metropolitan Area and Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The securing of widths are compared based on zone types such as frontage, pedestrian, and furniture zones. The widths are measured directly through on-site surveys. The widths measured are compared the standards given by the present paper. Among 22 sites, the satisfied sites are counted. In terms of frontage zones in Seoul Metropolitan Area, 17 out of 22 sites are counted as satisfied while in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, 18 out of 22 sites are counted as satisfied. In terms of pedestrian zone, in Seoul Metropolitan Area, 13 out of 22 sites are counted as satisfied while in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, 14 out of 22 sites are counted as satisfied. In terms of furniture zone, in Seoul Metropolitan Area, 14 out of 22 sites are counted as satisfied while in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, 11 out of 22 sites are counted as satisfied. In conclusion, although walking roads’ cross section zones such as frontage, pedestrian, and furniture zones are relatively a new standards in Korea and Japan, many sites are founded being satisfied with the standards. However, the rates of satisfaction differs city by city. Especially the rates of satisfaction in furniture zones in Seoul Metropolitan are somewhat higher while the rates of satisfaction in frontage and pedestrian zones are similar between two cities.

This study is about the change of Inuit traditional culture. Inuit has their specific culture due to the Arctic’s harsh environment. But recently, because of the climate change and newcomers, traditional culture has changed. Hunting, the base of Inuit’s traditional culture decreased and was getting hard. And shelter and transportation for hunting has been modified. According to the change of hunting, food and adoption culture also changed. Inuit is in a situation to consume junk food and processed food instead of fresh food. Those food induce many problems to Inuit including health. And Inuit trade the food, not share. It means the community spirit weakened. Reduction of the importance of IQ (Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit) and the role of the senior also contributes to the weakening of community spirit. Inuit adopt non-Inuit child and adopt the child according to the law. It makes Inuit difficult to adopt child. As a result, climate change and newcomers makes today’s Inuit culture. Therefore, we have to know climate change and newcomers to understand the culture of the Arctic and residents.

This study examines the socio-environmental impacts of mobility on Inuit people and its consequences in the High Arctic region of Canada. Mobility is the part of Inuit culture, the Inuit people moved for hunting on familiar distances and sites that is the part of their life through generations. These patterns of mobility represent an admirable appreciation and familiar knowledge of the environment in the aboriginal people. The system of mobility as social change is related to the environmental stress, food shortage, fur-trade, construction of military bases, state policies, forced resettlement and non-renewable resources development projects in the Arctic region. Since 1950s, the Inuit of Canadian Arctic region have experience forcefully the mobilities in form of relocation, new-settlements, medical moves and residential schools as well as environmental mobility. The effects of relocation from their original lands have sustained through generations. There is another sad story of the DEW-line (Distance Early Warning) construction. The construction was started without any consent or notification to the local communities. Inuit people were displaced into other places with non-respectable way from their indigenous land. The residential school system was another a misfortune form of mobility which removed Aboriginal children from their parents and forcefully teach them ‘white manners’. This unfair treatment to the Inuit becomes big debate in the country from the several decades ago. Experience of mobility either it was due to relocation, displacement, individual or residential schools and mobility due to climate change are common story of Inuit people in the Arctic region of Canada. A number of families are still dealing with this intergenerational distresses.

The current study deals with the effect of urban growth and urbanization on temperature trends over Lahore city of Pakistan. This research was conducted using mean monthly temperature data for the period of 1950-2017. The urban population growth, urban expansion, the increase of vehicles and factories as well as the expansion of built up area have influenced on the change of temperature in Lahore city. The annual trends of temperatures have been analyzed, and their statistical significances are calculated by the linear regression method. It has been deduced that there is a close relation between temperature change and urban growth. The findings are as follows; the mean minimum temperature rises greater than the maximum temperature at urban station and rural station. However, the maximum temperature is not rising positively and thus significantly at both stations. The findings show the fact that mean minimum temperature increasing more quickly after the 1995 due to the increase of urban development in Lahore city in which the built up area has increased from 66 km² to 740 km² since 1950. A massive increase in the numbers of vehicles have also influenced on the change of temperature in the city. However, the mean maximum temperature at rural station of Lahore has significant effect during 1973-1997.

This study was carried out to reveal the characteristics of climate-influenced landscape in the tundra with the case study of Cambridge Bay in Canada. This study was conducted for a part of regional study to understand the lifestyle of Arctic and Inuit people. Traditional knowledge and practices of indigenous peoples are emerged as adaptation issues to the changes of tundra environment. During august 2018, we interviewed local residents and experts at a field survey in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada. The contents of the study are descriptions on the climate-influenced landscape, utilizing interview, which mainly focused on buildings, infrastructure, and transportation. In building construction, they are applying the building method considering permafrost. The infrastructures are also adapting to extreme weather conditions, such as supplying water and sewage disposal by trucks instead of water and sewage systems using pipes. The way of transport has been changed from dog-sleds to modern snowmobiles and ATVs. The use of ATV is on the rise as the period of time without snow is getting longer.

Extreme temperature has direct and indirect effects on Human Health, and usually influences negatively. This study analyzes the correlation between extreme temperature and excess mortality caused by cardiovascular disease in Seoul. Excess mortality correlates with daily maximum temperature, especially daily excess fatality over two standard deviations, has a strong positive correlation. On the other hand, daily minimum temperature is not significantly related with excess death. Recently, significance of the correlation coefficient of high temperature in August decreases because of the heat wave preparation.