Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, a porcelain berry that is a kind of Korean domestic wild berry (Viticeae), has been known to be resistant to diseases and insects. A total of 2,622 unigenes containing 912 contigs and 1,710 singletons were obtained by sequencing 5,839 expressed sequence tag (EST) clones derived from the cDNA library of wild grape, A. brevipedunculata. In the gene ontology analysis, 1,175 genes related to biological process, 1,516 genes related to molecular function, and 1,413 ones related to cell components were annotated. Among the genes showing molecular function, 17 clones were classified into defense-related genes, and 102 were known to be related with responses to stress in plants. Domains, such as leucine-rich repeat, Serine/threonine protein kinase-related, WD40 repeat, EF-hand calcium-binding, pentatricopeptide repeat, and pathogenesis-related transcriptional factor were highly expressed. Genes encoding defense related proteins, such as chitinase, catalase, protein-serine/threonine kinases, were also clustered into an abundant group in cDNAs from A. brevipedunculata. Approximately, 80 simple sequence repeats with 2~5 nucleotides were detected in the cDNAs of A. brevipedunculata. These data could provide useful information for the genetic analysis of wild grapevines and in programs for breeding grape cultivars.

14-3-3 proteins are known to play a pivotal role in a diverse array of cellular events such as cell survival, apoptosis, and signal transduction. Numerous 14-3-3 ζ have been cloned and characterized from a host of eukaryotic organisms including human, plants, yeast, fruit fly and silkworm. However, no study on Spodoptera exigua 14-3-3ζ in conjunction with virus infection has so far been reported in insects. It appears that expression of Se14-3-3ζ was decreased starting 24 h post-SeNPV infection as SeNPV titers seemed to increase as evidenced by intense bands of SeNPV IAP3. Interestingly, confocal microscopic analysis revealed that Se14-3-3ζ is expressed at the apical side of the NPV-uninfected gut cells, whereas it was detected mainly in the nucleus of the NPV-infected cells. Thus, despite the biological significance of Se14-3-3ζ in S. exigua in conjunction with molecular interactions between SeNPV and S. exigua is unclear now, our data suggest that Se14-3-3 ζ protein plays a role to protect S. exigua from the infection or inhibit replication of SeNPV.

Advertisement signboards on the buildings have functionally a visual value as factor of urban and building design. But it is not easy to find any reasonable principles and regulations, how well the signboards deliver the information of stores to the customers, and how they contribute the visual amenity from the sight of urban landscape. Under this context, this study tries to analyze the information delivery power of signboards in relation to the visual cognition. The analysis method is the Two-Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) evaluation with factors, such as scale, amount and arrangement of signboards. The scale of letters or figures at Signboards is specified in 3 different sizes such as big, medium and small. The amount is classified into 5 grades from 100% to 20% installation. And the arrangement is divided into orderly and disorderly installation. As the results of the Two-Way ANOVA, the identical scale of signboards is much better for the awareness. And the orderly arrangement shows also the same result. Above all, including these two results, the 80% of installation showed the biggest different result of awareness.

A single cross hybrid “Gangilok” is an yellow semi-dent maize (Zea mays L.) developed by the Maize Experiment Station at Gangwon-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services in 2005. “Gangilok” has high yield of dry matter, total digestible nutrients (