The hand held voltammetry systems searched diabetic assay using glucose sensor of fluorine nafion doped carbon nanotube electrode (FCNE). An inexpensive graphite carbon pencil was used as an Ag/AgCl reference and Pt counter electrode. Upon combining and using three electrode systems, optimum square wave (SW) stripping results were attained to 1.0-9.0 ug/L with 8 points. Statistic RSD precision was of 6.02 % with n=15 in 0.1 mg/L glucose. After a total of 200 second accumulation times, analytical detection limit of 0.8 ug/L was obtained. This developed technique was applied to urine samples from diabetic patients urine for fluid analysis, it was determined that the sensor can be used with a diagnostics in the ex vivo of live cells and non treated biological fluid.

In vivo assay of glucose detection was described using a skin tattoo film electrode (STF), and the probe was made from carbon nano tube paste modification film paper. Here in the square-wave stripping anodic working range obtained of 20-100 mgL-1 within an accumulation time of 0 seconds only in sea water electrolyte solutions of pH 7.0. The relative standard deviations of 50 mg glucose that were observed of 0.14 % (n=12), respectively, using optimum stripping accumulation of 30 sec, the low detection limit (S/N) was pegged at 15.8 mg/L. The developed results can be applied to the detect of in vivo skin sensing in real time. Which confirms the results are usable for in vitro or vivo diagnostic clinical analysis.

A voltammetric analysis of doxycycline was developed using DNA immobilized onto a carbon nanotube paste electrode (PE). An anodic peak current was indicated at 0.2 V (versus Ag/AgCl) in a 0.1M NH4H2PO4 electrolyte solution. The linear working range of the cyclic and square wave stripping voltammetry was obtained to 1-27 ngL-1 with an accumulation time of 800 s. Final analytical parameters were optimized to be as follows: amplitude, 0.35 V; frequency, 500 Hz; and pH, 5.43. Here detection limit was found to be 0.45 ngL-1, this result can be applied in foods systems and in the biological diagnostics

For ex-vivo diabetic control, the voltammetric diagnosis of glucose (GU) was conducted with a modified carbon nanotube paste electrode, using handheld analytical circuits. The optimum analytical conditions were attained within the 0.5-4.0 ug/L working range and at the 0.06 ug/L detection limit, which system was interfaced to the feedback circuits and was applied to human urine for diabetic-patient diagnosis. It can be used for ex-vivo flow control analysis, vascular flow detection and other medicinal assays. The equations of the patients’ urine are y=36.65x+12.13 and R²=0.987, those of the healthy person of y= 2.5x+10.9 and R²=0.928 (patients: 118 ug/L; healthy person: 12.34 ug/L).

An in-vivo diagnosis of trace Mg(II) ion was performed using a low-cost and environment-friendly voltammetric method, using a graphite counter and reference electrodes and a fluorine-immobilized graphite working electrode, and clean deep seawater was used as an electrolyte solution. Under optimum conditions, the analytical working ranges attained microgram ranges, and a detection limit of 80.6ugL-1 was obtained using stripping voltammety with 60 sec accumulation time. Ex-vivo application was performed on fish liver and mice droppings. The developed techniques can be applicable to tumor cell analysis.

In vivo nicotine is associated with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and lung cancer. Diagnostic assays of these diseases depend on very low analytical detection limits. In this study, a sensitive analytical method was examined using a voltammetric graphite pencil electrode (GPE) and a modified carbon nanotube paste electrode (CNE). The optimum analytical conditions for both electrodes were compared using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SW) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) obtaining 400 sec accumulation time and oxidation peak. Under optimum parameters, the stripping working range of GPE was 5.0-40.0μg/L, CNE: 0.1-0.8 and 5-50μg/L. Quantification limits were 5.0μg/L for GPE and 0.1μg/L for CNE, while detection limits were 0.6μg/L for GPE and 0.07μg/L for CNE. A standard deviation of 10.0μg/L was observed for 0.064 GPE and 0.095 CNE (n = 12) using 400 sec accumulation time. The results obtained can be applied to non.treated urine and ex vivo biological diagnostics.

A bismuth-coated carbon fiber microelectrode was prepared using cyclic voltammetry (CV). An analytical application was performed for the copper analysis with Square Wave Stripping Voltammetry (SWSV). Gallic acid n-propyl ester (PG) was used for the complex formation with a copper ion, and electrochemical measurements were performed with a pre-amplifier of a low-current module for nano amper detection. The effects of various parameters on the response were optimized. Analytical working ranges of 0.03-25.9 μgl-1 and 0-25 mgl-1 Cu(II) were obtained. The relative standard deviation at 13 mgl-1 Cu was 0.9% (n = 12) in optimum conditions. The detection limit was found to have been 0.019 μgl-1, with a 30-sec accumulation time. The developed methods were applied to a copper assay in water samples.

This report presents a voltammetric assay of dinitrotoluene using a DNA immobilized onto a carbon nanotube paste electrode (PE). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave (SW) stripping voltammetry parameters of the optimized conditions were obtained. An anodic peak current appeared at 0.3 V (versus Ag/AgCl) in a 0.1-M NH4H2PO4 electrolyte solution. The detection limit was found to be 0.6 ngL-1(S/N = 10), within a deposition time of 100 sec.