The development of heteroatoms doped inorganic nanocrystal-carbon composites (INCCs) has attained a great focus for energy applications (energy production and energy storage). A precise approach to fabricate the INCCs with homogenous distribution of the heteroatoms with an appropriate distribution of metal atoms remains a challenge for material scientists. Herein, we proposed a facile two-step route to synthesize INCC with doping of metal (α-Fe2O3) and non-metals (N, P, O) using hydrogel formed by treating hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 3, 4, 5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (Gallic acid). Metal oxide was doped using an extrinsic doping approach by varying its content and non-metallic doping by an intrinsic doping approach. We have fabricated four different samples (INCC-0.5%, INCC-1.0%, INCC-1.5%, and INCC-2.0%), which exhibit the uniform distribution of the N, P, O, and α-Fe2O3 in the carbon architecture. These composite materials were applied as anode material in water oxidation catalysis (WOC); INCC-1.5% electro-catalyst confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a noticeable catholic peak 0.85 V vs RHE and maximal current density 1.5 mA.cm−2. It also delivers better methanol tolerance and elongated stability than RuO2; this superior performance was attributed due to the homogenous distribution of the α-Fe2O3 causing in promotion of adsorption of O2 initially and a greater surface area of 1352.8 m2/ g with hierarchical pore size distribution resulting higher rate of ion transportation and mass-flux.

This study proposed an alternative model specification to increase accuracy of conceptualization of the definition of customer engagement and provided theoretical justification for the model in specific social media contexts. The proposed model is a formative construct based on theoretical contexts and observational data. The construct comprises six formative first-order dimensions, namely “influencing behaviors,” “participation in activities,” “customer knowledge sharing,” “feedbacks,” “helping other customers,” and “customer-to-customer interaction.” The study findings offer a basis for identifying indicators of distinct dimensions in the proposed construct. Three models with different conceptualization specifications were estimated and subsequently compared using survey data.

Phenotypic traits (physiological characteristics and somatic incompatibility) and genotypic traits (target region amplification polymorphism TRAP) were used to survey the diversity in Chinese Auricularia auricula systematically, which consisted of 32 main cultivated strains. The 27 important and stable physiological indexes were evaluated; somatic incompatibility test (SIT) reaction was described from three aspects: type, pigment, and intensity while intensity clustering alone revealed the phenotypic diversity among the 32 strains;16 pairs of TRAP primer combinations produced 535 unambiguous and reproducible DNA fragments, of these 524 (97.9%) were polymorphic. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by Unweighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA), which distributed the test strains into four to six major groups respectively. The principal coordinate analysis (PCO) of the three methods (physiological characteristics, SIT intensity and TRAP) exhibited highly similar clustering patterns, revealing that all the test strains can be divided into three groups considered significantly correlated with geographical regions. Results revealed the occurrence of relatively low diversity of A. auricula in the study. The cultivated strains in the same region are more similar physiologically and some strains are suspected to be synonymous. This study suggests that the value for estimating diversity are represented by TRAP＞SIT reaction intensity＞physiological characteristics in A. auricula, and PCO analysis can provided more effective and visible information than the UPGMA clustering dendrogram. Our finding will facilitate future germplasm resources management and breeding program of A. auricula in China.

본 연구에서는 2005년과 2008년 중 총242개의 표본을 사용하여 중국 국유기업과 비국유기업에 대한 투자의 현금흐름 민감도를 비교분석하였다. 이러한 분석 결과, 중국 기업에서 현금흐름은 투자에 영향을 미치는 중요한 변수이며 이러한 투자의 현금흐름 민감도는 국유기업에 비해 비국유기업에서 더욱 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또 국유 기업은 부채비율이 낮은 기업에서 더욱 강한 투자의 현금흐름 민감도가 관찰된 반면, 비국유기업에서는 오히려 이와 반대 현상이 관찰되었고, 비국유기업에서는 국유기업과 달리 주가상승기보다 특히 주가침체기에 투자의 현금흐름 민감도가 더욱 크게 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 이것은 국유기업의 경우 잉여현금흐름에 의한 과잉투자가 투자의 현금흐름 민감성을 야기하는 주요 요인인 반면, 비국유기업은 외부자금조달비용의 증가와 이에 따른 재무적 제약이 주요 요인이기 때문인 것으로 풀이된다. 이것은 모형과 분석방법에도 불구하고 일관되게 관찰되는 현상으로 Vogt (1994)의 이론에 따라 Tobin의 Q와 현금흐름의 교차항을 모형에 포함한 분석에서도 앞의 가설이 일관되게 지지되는 결과가 나타났다.