1. 광 종류별 조도는 백색광은 2,270Lux로 가장 밝았으며, 황색광 1,750Lux, 청색광 460Lux, 적색광 400Lux의 순이었다. 2. 자실체 특성을 조사한 결과, CBM-1757이 느티만가닥버섯에 비하여 갓의 크기와 대직경이 양호한 경향이었으며, 광 종류간에는 황색광에서 다른 광에 비하여 다소 좋은 경향이었다. 3. 생육기간은 CBM-1757이 느티만가닥버섯에 비하여 균 배양일수는 2일, 초발이소요일수는 1일, 생육일수는 1일정도 단축되어 생육기간이 8일 정도 빠른 경향이었다. 광종류간에는 황색광에서 생육기간이 70일 소요되어 다른 광에 비하여 2~4일 정도 단축되는 경향이었다. 4. 유효경수 및 개체중은 품종간에 차이가 나지 않는 경향이었고, 병당 수량은 느티만가닥버섯 94.8g에 비하여 CBM-1757은 95.6g으로 약간 많았다. 광 종류간에는 백색광의 96.0g에 비하여 청색광 및 적색광에서는 2~9%가 감소되었으나, 황색광에서는 103.4g으로 8% 정도 증수되는 경향이었다. 5. 버섯의 색도는 CBM-1757이 느티만가닥버섯에 비하여 명도, 적색도 및 황색도가 높았으며, 광 종류간에는 황색광에서 다른 광에 비하여 다소 높은 경향이었다.

맛버섯 10계통의 에탄올 추출물에 대한 polyphenol 및 β-glucan 함량을 분석하고, 생리활성으로 항산화 및 항암, 항고혈압, 항당뇨, 항염활성을 측정하였다. Polyphenol 함량에서는 전 계통에서 전반적으로 40 mg% 함량 이상이였고, 맛버섯 M-1548이 61.50±0.59 mg%로 가장 높았다. β-glucan 함량에서도 맛버섯 M-1548에서 37.2±1.12%로 가장 높았으며, 그 외에 맛버섯 M-900에서 36.35±1.11%, M-1630에서 36.24±1.27%의 순서로 높은 β-glucan 함량을 나타냈다. 항당뇨 활성에서도 역시 맛버섯 M-1548이 13.78±0.56%로 가장 높은 효소 저해율을 보였으나 항염 활성에서는 맛버섯 M-1630이 56.59±7.11%로 가장 높은 nitric oxide 저해율을 보였으며 맛버섯 M-1548은 26.21±0.5%로 미미한 저해율을 보였다. 전자공여능 및 ACE 저해활성, nitrite 저해활성은 효과가 없거나 미미한 활성만을 나타냈다. 세포독성 실험에서는 1 mg/mL로 처리시 폐암세포에 대해 전반적으로 30%이상의 세포 사멸율을 보였으며, 자궁경부암세포에서도 맛버섯 M-1548에서 10.05±0.44%의 세포 사멸율을 보였다. 그러나 대장암세포와 정상세포인 섬유아세포에서는 세포 사멸율이 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 맛버섯 10계통은 폐암세포와 자궁경부암세포에 세포 독성을 나타내는 것으로 보아 암세포에 대한 선택성을 갖고 있음을 알 수 있고 정상세포에 대해선 세포 독성을 나타내지 않는 걸 확인하였다.

팽이버섯 11계통을 사용하여 polyphenol 및 β-glucan 함량을 분석하고, 생리활성으로 항산화 및 항암, 항고혈압, 항당뇨, 항염활성을 측정하였다. Polyphenol 함량에서는 CBMFV-65가 244.74 mg%로 가장 많은 함량을 나타내었고 전 품종에서 전반적으로 100 mg% 이상의 함량을 나타냈다. β-glucan 함량에서는 CBMFV-41에서 27.37%로 가장 높았으며, 그 다음으로 CBMFV-30 27.21%, CBMFV-65 27.11%의 순서로 높은 β-glucan 함량을 나타냈다. 전자공여능에서는 CBMFV-66이 91.74%로 가장 높은 DPPH 소거활성을 나타냈으며 전체적으로 70%의 높은 소거활성을 보였다. 세포독성 실험에서는 폐암세포에 대한 세포 저해활성이 가장 컸으며, 폐암세포와 대장암세포 모두 CBMFV-30에서 각각 76.07%, 67.05%로 가장 높은 세포 저해활성을 나타냈다. ACE 저해활성에서는 CBMFV-65에서 10.96%를 나타냈고 나머지 품종은 10%미만의 저해활성을 나타냈다. 항당뇨 활성에서는 CBMFV-41에서 63.57%의 효소 저해율이 측정되었고, CBMFV-63은 10.98%로 가장 낮은 효소 저해활성을 나타냈다. 마지막으로 항염활성에서는 CBMFV-41에서 61.44%의 nitric oxide 억제율이 측정되었다.

신령버섯은 항암작용과 더불어 면역강화작용 등 약용으로서 이용되고 있습니다. 최근에는 신령버섯 재배농가에서 새로운 병징 현상이 보고되어 내생세균에 대한 분자생물학적 방법으로 조사하였다. 병징을 나타내는 수집된 기형버섯을 eubacterial 16S rDNA 영역을 이용하여 PCR한 결과 기형버섯만 증폭되었다. 이 영역을 부분적으로 염기서열을 결정한 결과 CFB bacterium과 유사성이 가장 높았고, 이 염기서열을 이용하여 프라이머를 디자인한 후 nested PCR를 부위별로 확인한 결과 기형을 일으킨 갓의 주름살 부위에서 가장 강하게 증폭되었고 포자수확도 되지 않았으며 배양불능세균 group인 CFB bacterium임을 확인하였다.

무포자형성 자연돌연변이 균주의 선발 및 특성검정 결과 ASI 2069 균주가 무포자이면서 수량성이 높으나 상품적 가치가 없어 원형질체 재생에 의한 단핵화로 Nh36 (neohaplont 36) 등 4균주를 분리하였다. 원형1호(ASI 2180) 및 무포자느타리간의 단핵교배 (Mon-Mon)를 시도한 결과 128교배조합수를 얻어 이 중 30균주를 특성 검정한 다음 자실체형성 및 포자비산량 조사에 의해 소포자형성 유망 13균주를 선발하였다. 무포자균주의 스크리닝법을 개발하기위해 포자형성 및 감수분열에 관여하는 helicase, DMC1(recombinase) 및 Spo11(topoisomerase II)유전자를 이용하여 PCR 증폭한 결과 단핵화균주 Nh36 및 교배체 2균주 중에서 Spo11유전자가 증폭되지않아 무포자 균주 스크리닝 방법으로 가능하리라 사료된다.

The genes encoding cellulases, which belong to glycosyl hydrolase families have been cloned from the basidiomycetous mushrooms. The transcripts of cellulase genes are strongly induced when the mycelia are grown in medium containing crystalline cellulose, and they are not expressed in medium containing glucose, but how insoluble substrates such as microcrystalline cellulose are recognized by these fungal cells is not clear. The polypore mushroom Polyporus arcularius is a wood-decomposing basidiomycete that produces at least three types (I, II, and IIIa) of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) when the medium contains crystalline cellulose as the sole carbon source and produced mainly cellobiose in the medium. The genomic and cDNA clones encoding the family 12 endoglucanase (CMCase IIIa) gene (cel3A) of P. arcularius have been sequenced, and Cel3A has been expressed as an active enzyme in Escherichia coli. To determine the role and function of each type of cellulase in the degradation of crystalline cellulose by basidiomycetous mushrooms, the structure of all of the cellulase genes should be investigated, but the nucleotide sequences of the other cellulase genes in P. arcularius have not yet been reported. In the current study, the genomic and cDNA clones encoding the endoglucanases (cel4), and the two cellobiohydrolases (cel1 and cel2) of P. arcularius sequenced and characterized. The predicted amino acid sequence of Cel1 Cel2, Cel3a and Cel4 are similar to glycosyl hydrolase family 7, 6 12 and 5 protein, respectively. The expressions of the all cellulase genes (cel1 cel2, cel3a and cel4) were induced by Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose) and cellopentaose but repressed by glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, and cellotetraose. There was a low level of transcription of both genes regardless of the carbon source. These results suggest that P. arcularius cells constitutively express a very low level of cellulase that can degrade insoluble crystalline cellulose and that the transcription of celluases in the cells is induced by products produced by these endoglucanases such as cellooligosaccharides. From our findings, we propose a possible mechanism for the recognition and degradation of insoluble crystalline cellulose by fungal cells.

Related research on artificial cultivation of the edible fungi in modern China can be traced back to 100 years ago. The earliest article about the cultivation techniques of the edible fungi was published in 1897 on Agricultural Study Newspaper sponsored by Shanghai Agricultural Society. From the late 1800s to 1940s, the elder generation of scholars including Zou Bingwen, Hu Changzhi, Pan Zhinong, Li Shiyi, Sun Yunwei, and Yu Xiaotie, etc. not only introduced many foreign techniques in edible fungi cultivation a nd disseminated scientific knowledge and cultivation techniques, but also held various edible fungi talents training courses, set up experimental bases, and conduct edible fungi cultivation experiments. Those have laid a preliminary foundation for the modernization of China’s edible fungi cultivation techniques. After the founding of the PRC, the edible fungi cultivation industry has gained more space for development, and has achieved many milestone achievements, mainly including the tremella artificial cultivation technique, the hedgehog hydnum artificial cultivation technique, the Xianggu artificial cultivation with crushed-wood material technique, the white mushroom fine breed selection and breeding and cultivation technique improvement, the black fungus cultivation with crushed-wood material and fine breed selection and breeding, and the golden needle mushroom find breed selection and year-round cultivation technique innovation, as well as the acclimatization of wild edible fungi and the development of new varieties of edible fungi. These inventions and innovations have provided solid technical support to the development of the edible fungi industry in China. The reform and opening-up starting 1978 has provided a favorable policy environment for the development of the edible fungi industry in China. In the period of more than 30 years thereafter, the edible fungi industry in China has been developing rapidly, with the annual yield rocketing from 60,000 tons in 1978 to 20.2 million tons in 2009, and the proportion of the yield against total world yield growing from 5% in the past to more than 70% at present. During this historical period, many research institutions and scientific research staffs have made important contributions to the development of the edible fungi industry in China. Among them, the most important achievements are made by Researcher Chen Meipeng from the Institute of Edible Fungi of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Yang Xinmei from Huazhong Agricultural University, Researcher Huang Nianlai from Fujian Sanming Mycological Institute, and Professor Zhang Shuting from Chinese University of Hong Kong. When we look back, we treasure the outstanding achievements made by the elder generation of scholars on the development of the edible fungi industry in China. When we look into the future, we are geared with enthusiasm and confidence, and we will work hard to achieve higher in the edible fungi industry in China.

Phenotypic traits (physiological characteristics and somatic incompatibility) and genotypic traits (target region amplification polymorphism TRAP) were used to survey the diversity in Chinese Auricularia auricula systematically, which consisted of 32 main cultivated strains. The 27 important and stable physiological indexes were evaluated; somatic incompatibility test (SIT) reaction was described from three aspects: type, pigment, and intensity while intensity clustering alone revealed the phenotypic diversity among the 32 strains;16 pairs of TRAP primer combinations produced 535 unambiguous and reproducible DNA fragments, of these 524 (97.9%) were polymorphic. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by Unweighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA), which distributed the test strains into four to six major groups respectively. The principal coordinate analysis (PCO) of the three methods (physiological characteristics, SIT intensity and TRAP) exhibited highly similar clustering patterns, revealing that all the test strains can be divided into three groups considered significantly correlated with geographical regions. Results revealed the occurrence of relatively low diversity of A. auricula in the study. The cultivated strains in the same region are more similar physiologically and some strains are suspected to be synonymous. This study suggests that the value for estimating diversity are represented by TRAP＞SIT reaction intensity＞physiological characteristics in A. auricula, and PCO analysis can provided more effective and visible information than the UPGMA clustering dendrogram. Our finding will facilitate future germplasm resources management and breeding program of A. auricula in China.

Basidiomycetes can degrade lignocellulosic biomass, and some basidiomycetes produce alcohol dehydrogenase, so it is feasible to produce alcohol from basidiomycetes. Agaricus blazei, Flammulina velutipes and Tricholoma matsutake have been used for mushroom fermentation to produce alcohol. To investigate whether Pholilta nameko can be used for mushroom fermentation, and find out the relationship between mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, we cloned mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from P. nameko, which is a zinc-containing long- chain alcohol dehydrogenase. Mpd, the gene encoding mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (MPD), has been sequenced and characterized from basiodiomycete P. nameko. The length of the coding region is 1360bp. The gene encodes a putative protein of 359 amino acids; predicted protein molecular weight is 38.6 kDa and an isoelectric point is PI = 7.34. The locations of exons and introns in the gene were deduced on the basis of interruptions in the amino acid sequence that were homologous to those in the MPD of Laccaria bicolor, the coding region was split into 6 exons and 5 introns. The protein deduced from the gene MPD showed more than 46% sequence identity to 20 fungal MPDs or alcohol dehydrogenases documented in the Gene bank protein database, based on BLASTP analysis, and was phylogenetically close to the MPDs of L. bicolor and Coprinopsis cinerea. This protein shared the same conserved domain with the alcohol dehydrogenase.

Effect of trehalose for the mycelial growth of Tricholoma matsutake were examined. When T. matsutake Z-1 strain was cultured in the partially modified matsutake liquid (PMML) medium and the Hamada matsutake liquid (HML) medium supplemented with trehalose at 24 ℃ for 80days, the vegetative mycelial dry weights showed higher value compared with those of PMML medium and HML medium supplemented with glucose (control). The range of the effect of 1.0-8.0% carbohydrate substrate on vegetative mycelial growth was investigated. The optimal concentration for mycelial growth was 2.0% for the glucose medium but 8.0% for the trehalose medium. To evaluate the potential of the production of trehalase from T. matsutake, the extracellular trehalase activity during the vegetative mycelial growth was measured. The activity of the extracellular trehalase increased during vegetative mycelial growth of T. matsutake and was maximal 70 days after inoculation. This extracellular enzyme was investigated for the purification and the characterization. The partially purified trehalase was obtained from about 1.53l static culture filtrate, with 19.1% recovery, and about 2,940 fold purification. The molecular mass was about 62.6kDa (SDS-PAGE) and 70kDa (Gel-filtration). The enzyme was most active around 40℃ and pH 5.0 and stable over a pH of 4.5~ 6.5 for 30min at 37℃. The enzyme readily hydrolyzed trehalose having α -1,1 glucosidic bond. However, it did not hydrolyze disaccharides such as maltose, iso-maltose, cellobiose, saccharose and lactose.

Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA), a four-carbon non protein amino acid, is widely distributed in nature and acts as the major suppressive neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Recently, GABA has been reported to have several physiological functions such as antihypertensive, diuretic, relaxing and antidiabetic effects. Due to these unique biological functions, GABA has been used as functional ingredients for functional foods. Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD), which catalyzes decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to GABA, has been purified from mammals, higher plants, and some microorganisms and their properties have already been reported. On the other hand, mushrooms are commonly appreciated as healthy food due to their nutritional properties, such as low calorie, rich in fiber, vitamin and mineral. L-Glutamic acid and GABA are also commonly distributed in edible mushrooms. The fact that mushrooms accumulate GABA suggests the existence of GAD. However, the enzyme property of mushroom GAD has not been reported. In the present study, we tried to purify and characterize the property of Flammulina veltipes. [Methods and Results] Mushroom (fruit-body of Flammulina veltipes) used in this study was purchased in local market. GAD activity was determined by formation of GABA from L-glutamic acid in the presence of pyridoxal-5’š- phosphate (PLP). The GAD activity was determined by the formation of GABA from L-glutamic acid. Fruit- body was crushed and then centrifuged to separate supernatant and cell debris. To investigate the localization of GAD, both supernatant and precipitate were subjected to enzyme reaction after dialysis. The cell debris showed stronger GAD activity than that of supernatant. The formation of GABA was observed between pH 4 and 6 and the maximum GAD activity was observed at pH 6. However, GAD activity was lost after dialysis for overnight against buffer of pH 6-11. These results suggest that GAD from Flammulina veltipes is stable at pH 4-5 in spite of its optimum pH for GABA production is around 6.

Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is a unique white rot fungus degrading plant cell wall lignin without severe loss of cellulose. Recombinant plasmids containing homologous gene expression signals fused to the coding sequence of Escherichia coli hph which encodes for hygromycin phosphotransferase were introduced in protoplasts of wild type C. subvermispora using PEG/CaCl2 protocol. A number of hygromycin B resistant strains were isolated on a screening plate containing 100㎍/ml of hygromycin B: whereas, no colonies were observed when protoplasts were treated with no DNA as a negative control. It was demonstrated that most of the isolates lost their drug resistance during successive cultivations in the presence of the same concentration of hygromycin B, but some of the isolates showed stable drug resistance after five times repeated screening. They did not lose the drug resistance even after the cultivation in the absence of hygromycin B and incorporation of the hph sequence was confirmed by specific amplification of the target sequence in PCR experiments and Southern hybridization analysis. The stable transformation system will make it possible to do molecular genetic analysis, as well as breeding of genetically modified strains, in C. subvermispora. Moreover, it was demonstrated that recombinant constructs with truncated promoter showed reduced number of the drug resistant isolates on the first screening plate, in response with the length of the remaining promoter sequence. These findings indicated that unstable drug resistance observed in these isolates should originate from transient expression of the introducing marker genes, and that a promoter assay system has been developed for the first time in basidiomycete. This system is practically not affected by the positional effect of the integrated recombinant gene in the host chromosome.

Flammulina velutipes, amongst others known as Winter Mushroom or Enokitake is an important economic crop in Asia. The tetrapolarity (having four mating types) of this mushroom obligates mating and results in self-sterile progeny that carries unique genetic traits, making understanding of the genetic base desirable for breeding. Moreover, mating type genes are significant for evolutionary studies as their high polymorphism benefits phylogenetic comparisons. This polymorphism further makes mating type genes interesting candidates for genetic markers that allow identification of specific strains. Mating type loci in Agaricomycotina are classically termed A and B and control two different developmental pathways [for a review see 1]. They consist of tightly linked subloci that encode multiallelic genes. MatA loci contain two groups of divergently transcribed homeodomain proteins (HD1 and HD2) and heterodimerization of HD1 with a non-self HD2 protein forms a functional transcription factor that activates the A pathway. MatB loci hold pheromones and pheromone receptors. Pheromone genes encode small precursor proteins that are characterized by a C-terminal CAAX motif. Pheromone receptors typically contain 7 membrane spanning regions and are coupled to G-proteins. Binding of a pheromone to a receptor, triggers splicing of the (trimeric) G-protein, which activates the B pathway. New genetic data from recent genome sequences is challenging the strict concepts of old mating type models in fungi. MatB loci turn out to be rather diverse and contain considerable varying numbers of pheromone receptors and associated pheromones. To this, pheromone receptors which are not linked to matB loci have now been reported for C. cincerea, S. commune and L. bicolor [2, 3]. Also the organization of the matA locus is less strictly conserved than anticipated. Though far more tightly maintained than the matB locus, substantial differences in HD gene numbers and overall organization are reported [2, 3]. These differences stress the importance of determination of the individual mating type systems from industrially important mushrooms to assist breeding. Our analysis of F. velutipes strain 4019-20 uncovered 7 pheromone receptors together with 3 pheromones. The matB-3 locus of this strain however, is defined by only a single pheromone receptor and pheromone gene and our data strongly indicates that a 2nd pheromone receptor recently lost its function. The other receptor genes are non mating type specific. Finally, we detected three homeodomain genes distributed over two distant subloci. These subloci have been separated by two large inversions. Strikingly the distant matA subloci in S. commune seem to be separated by inversions as well. Synthenic mapping of a large regions from Coprinus cinerea, Laccaria bicolor, S. commune and F. velutipes shows that the matA loci originate from a single locus in a common ancestor of S. commune and F. velutipes that is represented by L. bicolor and C. cinerea. [1] U Kües. Micr Mol Biol Rev 64, 316 (2000) [2] H Niculita-Hirzel, J Labbé, A Kohler, F le Tacon, F Martin, IR Sanders and U Kües. New Phytol 180, 329 (2008). [3] RA Ohm, JF de Jong, LG Lugones, A aerts, E Kothe, JE Stajich, RP de Vries, E Record, A Levasseur, SE Baker, KA Bartholomew, PM Couthino, S Erdmann, TJ Fowler, AC Gathman, V Lombard, B Henrissat, N Knabe, U Kües, WW Lilly, E Lindquist, S Lucas, JK Magnuson, F Piumi, M Rausdaskoski, A Salamov, J Schmutz, FWMr Schwarze, PA van Kuyk, JS Horton, IV Grigoriev and HAB Wösten. Nat. Biotechnol ISSN: 1087-0156 (2010).

Laccase (Lcc; EC 1.10.3.2) belongs to a group of polyphenol oxidases, which catalyzed the oxidation of single-electron from phenolic substrates or aromatic amines. Many organisms possess several lcc encoding genes, and their biological functions diverge into many branches. There are many studies on biochemical function of Lccs, however, there are few studies about biological functions of one Lcc in detail. We researched on biological function of Lcc1, which is most abundantly secreted enzyme from vegetative mycelia into liquid culture in L. edodes. In our previous study, lcc1 gene was down regulated by RNAi method in L. edodes, and then ivrL1#32 was selected as a completely lcc1 dowaregulated transformant. We revealed that fruiting body development in ivrL1#32 was significantly suppressed compared to wild type strain. In this study, we observed the hyphal morphology of ivrL1#32. IvrL1#32 did not form thick aerial mycelium mat when grown on MYPG agar plate. From the observation using scanning electron microscope (SEM), hyphae of ivrL1#32 had many abnormal short branches and their mycelial density was lower than that of wild type strain. From transmission electron microscope observation (TEM), ivrL1#32 lacked obviously distinguishable outer and inner layer in their cell wall. In addition, the fibrous layer of ivrL1#32, which connected hyphae, obviously decreased. These morphological phenotypes would be caused by the absence of Lcc1 in L. edodes. Our results provide a clue to resolve of the biological function of Lcc1 in L. edodes.

Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. M. Fr. (=R. rubescens Tul. & Tul.), known as “shoro” in Japan, is a hypogeous basidiomycete that is an important ectomycorrhizal symbiont of Pinaceae. In order to cultivate this edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom, several researches have tried to promote mycorrhization of this mushroom on host Pinus thunbergii roots: Pine seedlings were inoculated with mycelium in vitro, or with crushed fruiting bodies in nature. However, successful cultivation of this mushroom has not been fully refined. We have developed the useful mycelial inoculum that enable to produced abundant ectomycorrhizas and then to form fruiting body under greenhouse nursery conditions. We selected the superior strain that rapidly colonized and produced a lot of ectomycorrhizas in root of P. thunbergii． The mycelial inoculum was composed of mineral solution and homogenate of mycelium that had been cultured in liquid medium. Addition of surfactant in the mycelial inoculum resulted in stimulation of mycorrhzal formations in host roots. When the mycelial inoculum containng surfactant were introduced to the mother plant system in which the colonized seedling had been planted into in the nursery, stimulatally effects were observed on not only mycorrhzation of the seedlings but also fruiting body formation. Genotype analysis using microsatellite markers for R. roseolus showed that fruiting bodies produced in the nursery were originated from the inoculated strain. These results suggest that the mycelial inoculum containg surfactant could be the model of mycelial spawn for “shoro”.

The waste substrate from sawdust based cultivation of Heicium erinaceum was reused. This process was conducted three times. Even when the waste substrate was reused at three times, the yield of fruiting bodies was equal to that of fresh medium. However, the yield of the 1st-waste substrate was the best of all waste substrate media and the yields of waste substrate media deceased with recycling times. The yield of the 1st or the 2nd waste substrate medium increased by 1.3-1.4 times compared with that of the fresh medium. The content of low molecular α-glucan and β-glucan of the 1st or the 2nd waste substrate medium increased and C-N ratio of the 1st or the 2nd waste substrate medium decreased. These results suggest that low molecular glucan and N sources contribute to increasing fruiting bodies. It was clear that the 1st and the 2nd waste substrate were useful for the cultivation material of Heicium erinaceum.

Poplar or pine sawdust is used to main substrates for oyster mushroom bottle cultivation. However, sawdusts are containing a lot of lignin that is insoluble and non digestible component. Therefore, spent substrates which are produced by oyster mushroom harvest are difficult to use as ruminant feed. In this study, we carried out to find sawdust substitute on the oyster mushroom for ruminant feed. As results of chemical analysis of cotton seed pellet, corn stem pellet, and corncob was revealed that concorb showed low crude ash(2.4%) and lignin(13.1%) contents. Mushroom yield and biological efficiency in concorb substrates is similar to and higher than that of control. Therefore we estimated that corncob could be substituted for sawdust.

World wide mushroom productions have been increased to 10-20% and more various mushrooms have been attempted to cultivate. Similar trends were also observed in Korea. More diverse mushroom varieties such as Pleurotus eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Agrocybe aegerita have been attempted to cultivate in larger areas. In these days, 235 varieties of 33 different mushroom species have been cultivated. However only 50 varieties were protected by the law. Since 1960s, mushroom industry had been considered as one of the major export industries in Korea and mushroom production has been rapidly increased. In 2008, total mushroom production was about 198,209 ton, which were about 800 billion won (one trillion won if include mushroom factory products). Major cultivated species are Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus, which cover 90% of total production. We believed that the protection of mushroom vavarieties by the law is one of the main problems to be solved. Also, more studies to develop better mushroom production methods with low cost and improve the distribution structures are certainly required. In these days, the export of mushroom has been increased in Korea. We imported more mushrooms than exported for last 4 years, however, it has been changed that export is getting bigger in these days. Because we developed the liquid spawning and automatic cultivation systems, which lead the reduction of mushroom production cost and resulted in the increasement of export. If we develop better post-harvest system, it is certain that the mushroom export should be more important in the future. As an alternative way, some Korean companies are planning to build the plants in main export countries. Mushroom industry has promising future because mushroom is good for your health.

Phellinus sp. are assigned to the Basidiomycotina, Hymenomycetes, Aphyllophorales and Hymenochaetaceae, and have been shown containing various bioactive substances including triterpenoids, polysaccharides and flavones[1]. Traditional Chinese herbalists believe that Phellinus species are effective in treating many gynecopathic ailments[2] and are also reported to exhibit other pharmacological functions including tumor cell inhibition, antioxidant activity and anti-hepatic fibrosis effects[3]. Polysaccharides of Phellinus sp. has been reported to possess antitumor activities and inhibit tumor recrudescence and metastasis. There are little studies comparing the chemical composition and biological activities difference among polysaccharides from different Phellinus sp and little report about the pure polysaccharide structure analysis. In this study, eight kinds of crude polysaccharides were extracted from Phellinus fruit bodies and their chemical composition and bioactivities were researched. The polysaccharide and protein contents of eight crude polysaccharides had a certain extent differences. Monosaccharide composition and content of amino acids also existed some differences in eight crude polysaccharides. Eight different polysaccharides all showed enhancing splenocyte proliferation effect in vitro. PB-10P and JSHP had high cell proliferation rates with 50㎍/ml concentrations. The results indicated in some extent the immune activity of crude polysaccharides were correlation with the polysaccharide and protein content and composition of each sample. The crude polysaccharides of P. igniarius were further isolated and purified using DEAE Sepharose F. F. and gel-filtration chromatography (Sephacryl S-100-500 ）repeatedly. Five water-soluble homogeneous polysaccharides (P60w1、P60s1、P1SP1、P10SP1and P100SP1) were obtained. Lack of absorption at 280 nm and 260 nm by UV scanning indicated that contained no protein and nucleic acid. HPLC produced a single symmetrical peak, indicated homogeneity and their molecular weigh were 1.71×104 Da、2.07×104 Da、1.48×104 Da、2.20×104 Da and 2.56×104 Da respectively. Structural of P60w-1 were determined using sugar and methylation analysis combined with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC experiments. The effect of P60w-1 on tumor growth was examined using subcutaneously transplanted H22 and Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumor mouse models. Cyclophosphamide or Coriolus versicolor polysaccharopeptide served as positive controls in evaluating tumor response. Results showed that P60w-1 at the most effective dose of 100 mg/kg inhibited the growth of H22 and LLC by 48% and 37%, respectively.

Comparative effect of oyster mushrooms on plasma, fecal lipid profiles, liver and kidney functions were evaluated in hyper and normocholesterolemic rats. The feeding of hypercholesterolemic rats with 5% powder of fruiting bodies of oyster mushrooms i.e., Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju and P. florida reduced the plasma total cholesterol level by 37%, 21% and 16%, respectively and triglyceride level by 45%, 24% and 14%, respectively. LDL/HDL ratio decreased by 64%, 45% and 41% for P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus and P. florida fed rats, respectively. Mushroom feeding also reduced body weight in hypercholesterolemic rats. However, it had no adverse effect on plasma bilirubin, creatinin and urea nitrogen level. Mushroom feeding also increased the total lipid and cholesterol excretion through the feces. The present study reveals that feeding of 5% oyster mushroom powder do not have detrimental effects on the liver and kidneys rather may provide health benefits for the cardiovascular-related complication by decreasing the atherogenic lipid profiles.