This study attempted to analyze and compare the tax ethics between Korean, Chinese and Japanese university students. Data collection was conducted by the questionnaires with sixty (N=60) Korean university students, sixty Chinese university students and sixty Japanese university students. The results of the study are summarized as follows; Compared with Chinese and Japanese students, Korean students have a higher level of knowledge about tax law. However, Chinese and Japanese university students had a higher level of tax ethics. This results tell that the research hypothesis that there are differences in tax ethics between Korean, Chinese and Japanese university students was not rejected. Also this study showed that the sexual differences were not significant in Korean, Chinese and Japanese students. The additional finding of this study is that the level of tax ethics improved through the tax lecture or course. This result implies that the level of tax ethics could be affected by the education of tax law. With the findings of the study, educational implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

Agricultural corporations have been introduced to increase the productivity of farming via entrepreneurial farm management. There are two main subgroups of agricultural corporations. One is composed of farming association corporations and the other consists of agricultural corporation companies. Major tax incentives for agricultural corporations are as follows: 1. Exemption of corporate income tax. 2. Exemption of capital gains tax for farmland investment. 3. Reduction and exemption of dividend income tax for investors.

Online items have real business relations in various ways though Game Industry Promotion Act prohibits having business relations in online items. Thus, the theories of bringing it into the open and of imposing legal controls on it are being studied with a lot of legal and social problems. The national tax authorities are pursuing a plan to normalize taxation on internet item intermediary market and transaction income. There was an article that a foreign authority imposed tax on them. The authority concerned discloses that the purpose of <Game Industry Promotion Act>is to establish promotion of the game industry and healthy game culture of the people. Article 14 of the same act discloses that the purpose of the same act is to prevent and relieve game users’damage. However, it is necessary to have a tax-law discussion with discussion on bringing it to the open since a lot of game users may drift into an illegal danger.

본 연구에서는 한국과 세계 각국간 체결된 조세조약이 한국 기업의 해외직접투자에 어떤 영향을 주는가를 분석하고자 한다. 조세조약은 양국간 이중과세를 방지함으로써 자본과 기술의 투자이전을 촉진하고자 맺는 것이므로 조세조약의 체결은 적어도 한 국가의 상대국에 대한 투자를 증가시키는 유인을 제공한다고 할 수 있다. 연구가설로는 (1) 조세조약을 맺지 않은 국가에 비하여 조세조약을 맺은 국가에 대한 투자규모가 크다는 것과 (2)조세조약 체결 후의 투자규모가 조약 체결 전의 투자규모보다 크다는 것을 설정하였다. 1996년말 현재 한국 기업들이 자본을 직접 투자하고 있는 세계 53개 국가를 대상으로 실증 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과에 의하면, 첫째로 조세조약 체결 국가에 대한 투자규모가 미체결 국가에 대한 투자규모보다 유의하게 크며, 둘째로 선행연구에서 확인된 여러 통제변수를 포함한 회귀분석에서도 조세조약 체결여부를 나타내는 변수와 해외직접투자금액과는 유의한 양(+)의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 조세조약을 체결하기 전보다 조약 체결 후의 투자규모가 큰 것으로 관찰되어 전반적으로 조세조약이 해외직접투자를 촉진시키고 있는 것으로 해석된다.

Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China’s use of foreign direct investment (FDI) has had all-round, multilevel, and wide-ranging implications. In the early stages of reform and opening up to attract foreign capital inflow to the country, relatively strong tax-preferential policies were implemented. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts of FDI and foreign-related taxation on China’s total tax revenues as well as explore the direct and indirect effects of FDI on China’s taxation over the last 40 years to compare the contributions of FDI in different regions of China. Based on the results, some suggestions are proposed for the adjustment of China’s policies to promote foreign capital inflow in the future; moreover, suggestions are also provided for using foreign capital to stabilize employment and foreign trade, while promoting taxation.

디지털 경제의 급속한 발전으로 전통적인 과세제도가 새로운 경제 형태인 디지털경제에 더 이상 적용 할 수 없게 한다. 디지털 경제 발전에 걸맞은 조세제도를 적극적으로 구축하는 것은 오늘날 사회에서 직면해야 할 과제다. 본 연구는 먼저 디지털 경제의 정의와 특징 및 디지털세에 대해 기술하였다. 디지털경제가 중국의 경제·사회에 가져온 새로운 변화를 착안점으로 납세 주체의 감독, 과세 대상의 확정, 과세지의 결정 등 현행 조세제도에 대한 디지털 경제의 도전을 체계적으로 분석했다. 이와 함께 디지털 경제에 따른 과세 문제가 경제사회 발전의 효율성과 공정성에 미치는 부정적 영향도 살펴보았다. 시장 메커니즘의 왜곡, 재정수입의 손실, 조세권 배분의 불공평 및 조세부담의 불균형 등 문제를 포함한다. 그 다음 관련 국제기구 및 국가들의 디지털 경제 조세 도전에 대한 대응책을 정리했다. OECD는 국제 조세 제도의 개편을 촉진하기 위한 Two-Pillar 계획, UN이 이중과세방지 협약에 신설하는 제12B 조항, EU가 역내 조세규칙 조정을 추진하는 방안 그리고 미국이 국내 조세제도 개혁을 추진하는 방안 등이다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 디지털 경제에 따른 과세 도전에 대한 국제적 대응방안과 중국 조세정책의 문제점을 기초하여 조세제도, 세금 징수·관리 능력, 국제적 조세 협력의 세 가지 측면에서 디지털경제에 걸맞은 조세제도를 보완하는 대책을 제안했다.

This research examines the personal (i.e., Machiavellianism) and situational factors (i.e., tax climate) that are believed to be psychologically salient aspects in tax compliance. To the best of our knowledge, no research has been carried out to investigate the interaction effect of the two factors. This study uses a paper-and-pencil laboratory experiment 2x2 between-subject factorial design that involved 158 participants. The results indicate that a taxpayer who has a low Machiavellianism score or who is in a high synergistic tax climate reports a higher level of income. In the high synergistic tax climate, where tax norms apply, personal ethics do not play a significant role in tax compliance decisions. Where the synergistic relationship between taxpayer and authorities is low, personal ethics play an important role, i.e., low Machiavellians report a higher reported income than high Machiavellians do. This research contributes to the literature that deviates from the traditional model of tax compliance. Taxpayers are not always rational, but they might pay tax for reasons other than financial motives (Alm, 1991, 2018), that is, personal ethics in this study. This research implies the need for policymakers to consider other approaches rather than only relying on audits and fines.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of computerized tax services in improving tax performance by moderating governance principles in Jordanian tax income departments. The study is based on a questionnaire distributed to income tax auditors, who were chosen by the simple random sampling method, so that 170 questionnaires were subjected to statistical analysis. The study models were formulated in the form of simple and multiple regression equations to test the hypotheses of the study, in addition to relying on One Sample T-test to calculate the mean of questionnaire answers. The most prominent research results is that the application of tax governance principles through the provision of computerized tax services is reflected in the increase in confidence between taxpayers and income tax departments, the efficiency of tax performance, and tax proceeds. Also, the study pointed out the importance of the income tax departments to prepare strategic plans regarding the development and the follow-up of modern technologies related to computerized tax services. It especially regards linking and collecting tax from taxpayers such as via electronic tax payment and collection system, in order to ensure the speed of completion, accuracy of calculation, and raising the efficiency of tax performance.

Investing in the tax-benefit funds is the best way for the inexperienced investors who do not have knowledge, expertise, and the time to research the information by themselves. This study describes the benefits of tax-benefit funds in Thailand. The tax-benefit funds consist of retirement mutual funds (RMFs) and super saving funds (SSFs). There are many kinds of funds investment policies on offer. The tax-benefit funds provide the opportunity to investors, which they are able to invest a small amount and draw more benefits. They hire fund managers to manage their money. These funds are able to help investors to meet their goals. The RMFs are suitable for investors who want to have money for retirement, investing every year, and getting tax exemption. The investors who invest in RMFs are able to deduct the tax income by including other retirement funds not exceeding THB500,000.00 per year. The SSFs match for the investors who need to obtain the tax exemption and long-term investment for at least ten years. The SSFs provide the benefit to investors that they are able to deduct taxable income not more than THB200,000.00 per year. Finally, these funds are tax-except and promoted for retirement savings.

The study investigates the role of commodity prices and tax purpose recognition on bitcoin prices. Since the introduction of bitcoin in 2008, emphasis has focused on economists, policy-makers and analysts drastically increasing bitcoin’s accessibility and commodity values (Dumitrescu & Firică, 2014). This study employs GARCH and EGARCH from ARCH/GARCH family on daily nature data. We measure the volatile behavior of bitcoin by employing auto-regressive conditional heteroscedasticity model with the aim to explore the relationship between major commodities and bitcoin volatility. We focus on major commodities like gold, silver, platinum, and crude oil to be regressed with bitcoin. The daily prices of commodities were retrieved from www.investing.com and bitcoin prices from www.coindesk.com for the period from 29 April 2013 to 16 October 2018. Results confirmed the currency’s long-term volatile behavior, which is due to its composition and market dynamics, whereas the existence of asymmetric information effect is not confirmed. Tax recognition by other countries may in future help in controlling the volatility as bitcoin is not a country-specific security. But, only silver impacts on volatility in comparison to oil prices and platinum, which is due to its similar features with gold. Eventually, bitcoin can be used for risk diversification and money making.

This study aimed to analyze the influence of the industrial growth and the effect on government tax potential of the South Sulawesi Province. The growth of the tax object affects government tax potential of South Sulawesi Province. Environmental resources affect government tax potential of the province. The study used multiple linear regressions on primary data. The population consisted of all officers and staff involved in regional work units. Revenue Service area in South Sulawesi Province counts 630 employees. The sampling method is purposive sampling random carried out based on specific objectives. The respondent qualifications are taken from the Technical Implementation Unit Office and the Department of Revenue. The number of respondents is 96 from the Head of UPTD and three of them are related with tax Section Chief Officer. The results showed that industrial growth has a significant and positive effect on the potential increase in tax of South Sulawesi. Growth in tax object significantly affects the potential increasing tax of South Sulawesi. Environmental resources significantly affect the potential Increase in tax. Practical recommendations for local government is to enhance tax potential, reduce bureaucracy in industrial licensing, and facilitate local farmers to get involved in economic contributions.

In many countries, the Government enacts tax laws in order to manage tax collection and regulate the macro-economy. According to Noor, Jamaludin, Omar, and Aziz (2013), tax non-compliance is a growing concern because of its negative effects on the state budget. The main objectives of this article are to identify the factors affecting corporate income tax non-compliance of enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City in accordance with the current situation of Vietnamese tax administration. We use several research methods, including the exploitation of information and practical experiences from both taxpayers and tax authorities; with Probit regression model on a sample of 187 enterprises that have been inspected or examined by tax authorities in Vietnam during the period from 2013 to 2017.The article identified eight factors affecting corporate income tax (CIT) non-compliance: (1) working capital/total assets; (2) revenue/total assets; (3) total debt/total assets; (4) loss in the previous year; (5) receivables/revenue; (6) the size of enterprises; (7) tax administrative penalties/tax payable; and (8) business field. In particular, the tax non-compliance was studied as a violation of Vietnamese tax laws by enterprises declaring an insufficient amount of CIT payable to the State budget.

The purpose of this research is to examines the effect of the audit offer and simultaneous tax services from auditors on the firm value of clients. To test this hypothesis, we used the samples of the auditors’ tax services selected from firms listed on the securities markets of Korea. We use the methodology of regression analysis. The major findings are as follows. First, TAX_SER has a positive relationship with the firm value. The knowledge and experience resulting from the offer of audit services are applied to the process of offering tax services to enhance the professionalism of audit and tax services. Second, the analysis was performed to determine if the type of tax services from auditors and the type of listed markets make any difference in the effect of TAX_SER1 on TQ; the study has revealed that only tax adjustment has a positive effect on TQ in the type of tax services. Depending on the type of listed markets, TAX_SER1 has been found to have a differential effect on the firm value. The results show that investors might decide to invest in those firms where the auditor could increase the firm value through audit and tax services.

Taxes are levied in almost every country, primarily to raise revenue for government expenditures. This study explores factors influencing tax compliance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. Data from 376 SMEs, who are business taxpayers, were collected through a researcher–administered questionnaire survey method. The results indicate that six groups of factors have significant impacts on tax compliance among Vietnamese SMEs. These groups include: Business characteristics (BC), Characteristics of accounting practices within organization (AP), Awareness of tax obligations (TO), Tax policy (TP), View on tax compliance (TC), and Probability of tax examination on taxpayer compliance (TE). Multivariate analysis was adopted; Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated, then, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used. The findings show that, among these six factors, the most influential is Characteristics of accounting practices (AP). Thus, it is recommended that tax agencies should help SMEs improve their accounting skills and increase their knowledge by organizing training workshops and short courses on taxation. SMEs also need to have an adequate accounting system in accordance with principles and standards prescribed by the Tax Law. It is expected that this study can provide important insights and understandings to policy-makers, practitioners, academicians and other regulatory authorities in tax policy formulations.

This study investigates the determinants of the likelihood of a tax re-audit in Korea. It adopts a researcher-administered questionnaire survey method for data collection. The survey questionnaire is randomly distributed to 1,120 individuals with tax-related knowledge and experience. Using a final sample of 342 responses, we conduct a cross-sectional regression analysis to test our hypotheses. The results show that the level of tax non-compliance significantly affects the likelihood of a tax re-audit. This finding suggests that the increase in re-audits in Korea is attributable to the tendency of the tax authority to conduct a re-audit to detect taxpayers’ non-compliance behavior by excessively broadening the scope of re-audits. This study also finds that the level of tax non-compliance is influenced by the perception of procedural unfairness, measured by operational inconsistency and regulatory lack of clarity. Lastly, the results reveal that the level of tax non-compliance mediates the relationship between the perception of procedural unfairness and likelihood of a tax re-audit. This finding indicates that enhancing procedural fairness could fundamentally reduce unnecessary re-audits that infringe on the rights of taxpayers, as the likelihood of a tax re-audit is not solely determined by the level of tax non-compliance but also by perceived procedural fairness.

Purpose: This study looks at the relevance between discretionary revenue and book-tax differences (hereafter BTDs). While the study of earnings management, which focused on discretionary accruals and real earnings management, has largely made, it has not yet been actively researched on discretionary revenues. Therefore, it was believed that discretionary revenue would expand the preceding study by looking at its relevance to BTD, known as financial reporting quality and measures of tax avoidance. In general, prior research suggested that earnings management make BTDs larger. Thus, the relationship between discretionary revenue and the amount of BTD is predicted positive. Research design, data and methodology: To this end, the method of discretionary revenues was used and BTDs measured in four ways. First, Earnings before income tax – estimated taxable income divided by total asset (BTD). Second is fractional rank variable of BTDs (FBTD). Third is Indicator variable equals 1 if the firm-year has a positive BTD, 0 otherwise (PBTD). Fourth is that Indicator variable equals 1 if the firm-year has a BTDs in top(bottom) quartile, 0 otherwise (LPBTD, LNBTD). 4,251 samples were analyzed in the Korean Security market (KOSPI) from 2003 to 2014. Results Empirical analysis shows that BTDs increases as discretionary revenue increases. These results were equally observed when BTDs was measured as a ranking variable or as a indicating variable. These results indicate that earnings management through the revenue of managers exacerbate the quality of financial reporting. Conclusions: In sum, discretionary revenues can be used as an indicator of making BTDs larger and meaningful as the first study of the Korean capital market where discretionary revenues affect accounting information quality. Investors need to increase interest in discretionary revenues because intervention in financial reporting through revenue accounts by managers can increase information asymmetry and agency costs. This means that studies on discretionary revenues that have been relatively small should be expanded. The results also provide important implications for the relevant authorities and investors. Despite these benefits, however, measurement error problems with estimates still appear as limited points, and prudent interpretations are required, and additional follow-up studies are needed in that variables that are not yet considered in this study may affect our findings.

The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the key factors affecting tax compliance among Vietnamese firms in Vietnam. We employ both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research has been carried out through focus group discussions with ten chief accountants and tax officers. Quantitative research has been conducted through interviews with 200 firms (chief accountants or financial directors) in Vietnam. Analysis of the model includes the following stages: (i) Cronbach’s test for reliability of the scale, (ii) exploratory factor analysis (EFA), (iii) confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and (iv) structural equation model (SEM). The results of the research show that voluntary tax compliance is directly affected by the three factors of audit probability, corporate reputation and business ownership. The probability of audit and severity of sanctions have the strongest impact on tax compliance. Therefore, the tax authorities need to strengthen the inspection of tax declarations, tax payments and tax refunds of firms. The paper confirms that enforced tax compliance is directly affected by the three factors of audit probability, sanction severity and social norms. Voluntary compliance and compulsory compliance have an effect on tax compliance, though voluntary compliance has a more powerful impact.

We examine the effects of the complexity of tax-related information on the issuance of analyst’s pre-tax income forecast and its value relevance. If analysts respond adequately to the needs of investors, they are more likely to provide a pre-tax income forecast. The provision of a pre-tax income forecast may indicate analysts’ confidence in assessing the quality of earnings. Thus, investors, in turn, would be more confident in the analysts’ pre-tax income forecasts if analysts provide both pre-tax and earnings forecasts than only the latter. Using a sample of Korean listed companies for 2005–2014, we find that analysts are likely to provide an implicit tax forecast when the volatility of the effective tax rate is low and the book-tax differences are small. We also find that when analysts provide pretax and after tax income forecasts, the value relevance for unexpected earnings increases. These results indicate that analysts are likely to be interested in corporate tax information and the complexity of tax-related information affects the availability of implicit tax forecasts. Furthermore, this study provides empirical evidence that when analysts provide both pre-tax and after tax income forecasts, investors have more confidence in analysts’ earnings forecasts, which results in greater investors’ responses.