이 연구의 목적은 과학고등학교 학생들이 일정기간의 지속적인 학습프로그램 경험을 통해 그들의 가설지식 생성능력과 설명경향이 생물학자와 비교하여 어떻게 달라지는지 그 변화 양상을 분석하고 규명해 보는 것이다. 연구를 위하여 남부권 소재 과학고등학교 학생 14명과 생물학자 7인을 선정하였다. 학생들의 경우, 7명씩 실험집단과 비교집단으로 나누고 실험집단은 12주에 걸쳐 주 1회씩 생물학 가설에 관련된 지식생성형 학습프로그램을, 비교집단은 지식수용형 학습프로그램을 경험하게 하였다. 학습의 전과 후에 미리 제작된 생명현상에 관한 측정과제로 생성한 가설에 대한 설명경향과 가설생성능력을 파악하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 과학고등학교 학생들은 두 집단 모두 사전-사후 변화 없이 설명대상을 분할하지 않고 가설을 생성하며, 2) 실험집단의 경우 사후에는 다차원적 설명자를 사용하는 변화를 보이나 비교집단은 그렇지 못했다. 3) 또한 실험집단은 사후에 현상적 설명자 뿐만 아니라 생물학자들처럼 이론적 설명자를 사용하는 빈도가 증가되는 것으로 나타났으며, 4) 설명자의 유사도 역시 증가된다. 이러한 결과는 지속적인 지식생성형 학습프로그램의 경험을 통해 학생들의 가설설명경향이 과학자와 유사한 형태로 변화되어갈 수 있고, 지식수용형 학습의 경험만으로는 학생들의 가설설명경향 및 가설생성능력의 변화를 유도하기 어렵다는 것을 시사해 주고 있다.

The powdery mildews are obligate biotrophic fungi and are one of the most economically important groups of plant pathogens (Agrios, 1997). As a family, the powdery mildews infect a broad range of plant species including barley, wheat, pea, apple, sugar beet, and grape (Braun, 1987). Powdery mildew pathogens uptake nutrients by forming a feeding structure, the haustorium, within 12‐18 hours after infection (hai) in their respective host plants. Because of the initial stages of these plant pathogen invasion are mostly confined to a limited number of host cells, it’s often too late to find out till the infections widely spread out. To identify the earliest and often transient responses to pathogen attack, there is considerable interest in monitoring the subcellular events that occur specifically in living host cells. Recent improvements in live cell imaging using fluorescent‐tagged markers have expanded the scope of experiments that can be performed. Changes in the subcellular distribution of organelles as well as fluorescently tagged proteins can be monitored in real time in living tissues during pathogen attack, and the dynamic nature of such changes across space and over time can be determined. The application of these sensitive imaging methods has extended earlier observations made with Nomarski microscopy or inferred from static transmission electron micrographs about the focal accumulation of subcellular organelles at sites of pathogen attack. In addition, recent experiments have demonstrated the focused accumulation and interaction of specific plant proteins at penetration sites, opening a new window on early host responses and raising questions about the underlying plant processes that sense and direct this marshalling of host resources to block pathogen entry.

프로테오믹스(proteomics, 단백질체학이라고도 함)의 잠재적 중요성은 간질환, 심장질환, 몇몇 종류의 암 등의 의학, 생식 독성, 발생 독성, 생체 독성 연구 분야에서도 명백하게 제시되었다. 그러나 단백질을 대상으로 연구하여 유전자 기능을 연구하는 프로테오믹스 연구를 각각의 분야에 접목시키려는 노력은 아직까지 빈약하다. 프로테오믹스는 기능을 갖는 단백질들의 발현을 종합적이고 정량적으로 측정하는 가장 직접적인 수단이고, 질병, 약물투여, 쇼크, 내분

This study has been conducted to investigate the mating behavior, time sequence of mating and time limit with which female can fulfill spawning and brooding after pre-spawning molting in the giant fresh-water prawn, macrobrachium rosenbergii reared in the laboratory. the results obtained were summarized as follows. Mating happened spontaneously as the following sequences: courting gesture, seizure of female by male, mounting, turning of female, copulation. The entire mating lated approximately seven minutes. The endopodite of 2nd pleopod of male bore the appendix masculins whcih are male's secondary sex characteristic. cinciulli was formed at the distal portion of appendix interna which are on the upper portion of appendix masculins and helped stabilizing the connection of each side of 2nd pleopod during mating. After the connection of each side of 2nd plepod was fixed on the posterior portion of the thoracic sternum in female, a gelatinous spermatophore that emitted at the basipodite of 5th pereiopod during courting gesture was deposited on the ventral groove of 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th pereiopod. time limit which female can fulfill copulation and brooding was from 3 hours to 15 hours after pre-spawning molting.

This study has been conducted to investigate the molting behavior and the effects of rearing temperature and day length on molting in the behavior and the effects of rearing temperature and day length on molting in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii reared in the laboratory. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1. After pre-spawning molting, the protopodites of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th except 5th pleopod bore new breeding setae which conserve eggs in the brooding chamber and the basis of 3rd, 4th, and 5th pereiopods bore new breeding dresses which transport the ovulated eggs into the brooding chamber. 2. Adult females reared in 27.5- molted 10-12 times per year at interval of 27-35 days, of which four or six moltings were common molting for growth and another four or five moltings were pre-spawning molting for spwaning and brooding. In winter season, pre-spawning molting did not happen to most of adult females in spite of the same temperature. 3. Duration of intermolt cycle was 31-38 days and 26-30 days at 25.3- and 28.7- of rearing temperature, respectively.