리게티와 펜레데츠키는 공통점이 많다. 둘 다 구 공산권 국가 출신이며 , 전후 작곡가 세대를 아방가르드적 작곡 양식을 통해 이끌었다고 할 수 있다. 그들 의 미학적 경향은 음악적 재료 선택과 작곡 과정, 그리고 형식적 구성에 대 한 태도 등에서 드러날 뿐만 아니라, 이를 종이 위에 기호화시킨 기보 방식에서도 읽 을 수 있다. 작곡 경향과 기보 방식에 있어서의 차이점은 총렬음악과 우연음악에 대한 그들의 비판과 수용적 측면에서 살필 수 있다. 리게티는 작품의 전체를 일정한 법칙과 질서 안에서 엄격하게 통제하고 관리하는 총렬음악의 작곡 방식에 대하여 비판적으로 접근한다 . 반면, 작곡 원칙에 대하여는 일부분 수용하는 측면이 보이는데 , 그는 작곡 과정뿐만 아니라 형식까지도 통제할 수 있는 작곡 방식으로 "미크로폴리포니 "를 제시 한다. 이 기법을 통해 소리의 결과는 미세한 "망형성체 "로 구체화된다 . 펜데레츠키는 연주 시에 일어나는 의도하지 않은 우연성에 대한 고려를 작곡 과정에서 놓치지 않는 다. 그의 그래픽 기보법은 바로 이러한 의도가 담긴 악보이다 .

This study analyzed M. Kagel(1931‐2008)’s Anagrama(1957‐58) and G. Ligeti(1923‐2006)’s Aventures(1962) to present the diversity in the creation of vocal music during the latter half of the 20th Century. The point for the analysis of music was set through the analysis of vocal music by Kagel and Ligeti when the concept of ‘sound composition’, ‘language composition’, ‘vocal composition’ and others apply, and through the pieces of the composers who lived in the same era when it comes to the changes during the latter half of the 20th Century. Among Kagel’s numerous vocal music pieces, there were not many pieces that placed the ‘emphasis of the Phonetic aspect’ at the front without text. At best, they are Phonophonie, Hallelujah für Stimmen and Die Mutation. Ligeti’s compositional tendency in vocal music is slightly different from that of Kagel’s. Ligeti’s Aventures and Nouvelles Aventures, pieces based on the synthesis of the voice originated in actual diverse languages are the vocal music pieces of the 1960s that realize experimental thinking towards ‘stage piece’ from very early on. After this piece, Ligeti did not continue on this tendency. Along with Clocks and Clouds that uses the consonants and voiced vowels, 13 each, that follow the international phonetics’ phonetic notation and the mix of these instead of the text conform with Syntactics, and other pieces that used text such as Requiem, Lux aeterna, Drei Phantasien nach Friedrich Hölderlin, Nonsense Madrigals confirm this. Analysis of Kagel’s Anagrama shows that the composer did not set music to text. Instead, it was shown clearly that it was handled musically regardless of the contents of the text. Besides the conclusion that non‐semantics was realized or that another meaning was formed compared to the Latin phrase that serves as the basis of this piece, it includes the contents that could lead to yet another conclusion. Not only was basic Latin text used as Phonetic material, but it is possible to verify the conclusion that it embraces the meaning of linking to drama through analysis. Analysis of the Aventures composed of the Phonetic text that Ligeti himself explained in person according to E. Dieth and H. F. Wendt’s pronunciation presents diverse methods that can be defined as ‘vocal composition’ and verified the matters concerning ‘toning of the voice’(tone melody). Moreover, ‘musical gestures’ (crying, laughing, whispering, yelling, sigh and others) presented directly on the music note can be re‐appreciated with the opera‐like parody or caricature expression.

The 2nd piece, 「Selbstportrait」 mit Reich und Riley of Drei Stu¨cke fu¨r zwei Klaviere composed in 1976 is a typical example of minimal music among Gyo¨rgy Ligeti's works. In this opus, a musical citation(Zitat) is an important thing. It is not directly performed, i.e., it is an indirect citation about musical features and phenomena of minimal music, not a direct one about a certain composer's piece. However, we can find out obviously that Ligeti's ideas and musical phenomena which was accepted as a new element of his creation in 1970's already occupied an important position in his works before 1970's through a lot of his pieces of 1960's and 『Musica ricercata』 (1951-1953) composed in his time in Hungary. The similarities among his pieces composed before he came to know minimal music can be explained by the identity of his unconscious musical tendency which is 'floated in the air' like his own expression. As we can see in the title, 「Selbstportrait」 mit Reich und Riley, the way of citation in this piece is one that a citation of musical expression inherent in his own works is colored by something as that about phenomena of minimal music. The citation of this kind about ideas of minimal music was more emphasized by accommodation of various sorts of traditional music in this piece. 「Selbstportrait」 mit Reich und Riley received musical traditions such as cluster technique, blocked keyboard, imitation technique and inherence of F. Chopin's music. Such a musical accommodation make us unable to perceive citation and accommodation in its acoustic result due to citation of harmonics in the pieces of Henry Cowell and Pierre Boulez, techniques for organ by Karl-Erik Welin or blocked keyboard of Henning Skdentopf. The citation of blocked keyboard emphasized no more than that of minimal music by which he was influenced when he composed it. Therefore, we can regard the citation of minimal music in 「Selbstportrait」 as new musical phenomenon firmly expressed by the collage of Ligeti's mode, which is equal to minimal music, and other various musical mode of expression. In other words, various musical expressions collaged in 「Selbstportrait」 embodied the citation of minimal music as a unified phenomenon of constitution of the whole work, and the citation of minimal music in this piece came to have its own adequacy. The citation in Ligeti's works, especially that of his own pieces, is different from Zitat music or the mode of citation which aims at pursuing diversity as an important musical phenomenon coincided with Postmodernism in 1970's. One of the differences between them is that in Ligeti's works, the object of the citation is not a definite part of existing music but a entirely musical phenomenon. Another is that various musical expressions collaged are harmonized in the unity of the works.