Intermittent duty of emergency generator has problems emitting large quantities of PM and NOx in exhaust gas. The aim of this study is to propose DPF system which can be applied to medium-large emergency generators. The system is composed of soot dust collector, silencer and filter trap, which is designed to reduce PM emissions at the emergency generator start-up. The pneumatic system controls a flow direction of exhaust gas to pass through the soot collector and filter trap until the engine reaches complete combustion condition. An experiment is performed to measure PM content and concentration to analyze the performance and characteristics of the proposed system.

This paper presents the impact of partial shading on CuInxGa(1-x)Se2(CIGS) photovoltaic(PV) modules with bypass diodes. When the CIGS PV modules were partially shaded, the modules were under conditions of partial reverse bias. We investigated the characterization of the bypass diode and solar cell properties of the CIGS PV modules when these was partially shaded, comparing the results with those for a crystalline silicon module. In crystalline silicon modules, the bypass diode was operated at a partial shade modules of 1.67 % shading. This protected the crystalline silicon module from hot spot damage. In CIGS thin film modules, on the other hand, the bypass diode was not operated before 20 % shading. This caused damage because of hotspots, which occurred as wormlike defects in the CIGS thin film module. Moreover, the bypass diode adapted to the CIGS thin film module was operated fully at 60% shading, while the CIGS thin film module was not operated under these conditions. It is known that the bypass diode adapted to the CIGS thin film module operated more slowly than that of the crystalline silicon module; this bypass diode also failed to protect the module from damage. This was because of the reverse saturation current of the CIGS thin film, 1.99 × 10−5 A/cm2, which was higher than that of crystalline silicon, 8.11 × 10−7 A/cm2.