현대 조직은 복잡성과 불확실성의 증가로 인해 전통적 위계적 리더십의 한계를 드러내며, 참여적 리더 십에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 참여적 리더십은 구성원을 의사결정 과정에 참여시키는 것을 통해 동기 와 몰입을 증진시키는 긍정적 효과가 알려져 있으나, 기존 연구에서는 이러한 효과의 일관성을 간과하고, 주로 긍정적 측면만을 강조하였다. 본 연구는 기존 관점을 확장하여, 참여적 리더십이 상사 신뢰에 미치는 영향을 다각도로 분석하고, 특정 상황에서 이 관계가 부정적일 가능성도 함께 고려하고자 한다. 사회적 교환이론과 동기부여이론을 바탕으로 상사와 부하의 특성, 특히 상사의 능력과 부하의 권력거리성향이 참여적 리더십과 상사 신뢰 간의 관계를 조절하는지를 검토하였다. 219명의 설문 데이터를 활용한 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 참여적 리더십은 상사 신뢰에 긍정적 영향을 미 쳤으며, 상사의 능력이 높을수록 이 효과는 강화되었다. 반면, 부하의 권력거리성향은 유의미한 조절효과 를 나타내지 않았다. 이는 참여적 리더십의 효과가 상황적 요인에 따라 다를 수 있음을 보여주며, 리더십 개발 시 상사의 능력을 중요하게 고려해야 할 필요성을 시사한다. 이 연구는 리더십의 효과를 상황적으로 이해하는 중요성을 강조하며, 특정 상황에서 참여적 리더십이 가져올 수 있는 부정적 영향까지 검토하여 실무적 적용 가능성을 높이는 방향을 제시한다.

Background: Patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) functionally adapt to decreased postural control due to impaired processing of sensory information. Standing postural control has been the focus of recent research in CLBP. Change in postural control may be a risk factor for CLBP, although available studies are not conclusive. Objects: This study aimed to identify the role of partial weight supported treadmill training (PWSTT) in improving balance, dysfunction, and pain in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods: The study included 22 patients with CLBP. Patients in the control group (n1=8) performed three 20 min stabilization exercise sessions per week, for 4 weeks. Patients in the full weight treadmill training group (n2=7) performed treadmill training for 30 min after stabilization exercise. Patients in the PWSTT group (n3=7) performed PWSTT with 20% of their body weight unloaded after stabilization exercises. By using the Biodex balance system, the dynamic balance abilities of the patients in the three groups were assessed in the quiet standing position under combined conditions of visual feedback (eyes open and closed) and platform stability (level 8). The Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index and visual analogue scale score were used as the main measure. Results: The results of this study showed that dysfunction and pain were significantly improved in all groups. Although dynamic postural stability with eyes closed was significantly improved only in the PWSTT group (p<.05), no significant difference was found in the other groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that PWSTT improved balance, dysfunction and pain in the patients with CLBP. Thus, this intervention is necessary for patients with CLBP with decreased postural control.

In this paper, the unit processes in the typical water treatment plant, which need to be expanded because the water demand is over the existing water treatment capacity in the near future, were carefully examined to upgrade the water treatment plant. The models were installed in the fields as a distorted model based upon the hydraulic similitudes. The models having the constant discharge ratio in the unit processes between the model and the prototype were installed as two units to compare the treatment efficiencies. The capacity of the individual unit, which is a model of the prototype of $250,000m^3/day$ capacity, was $24m^3/day$. In the mixing and flocculation experiments, the mixing intensity of flocculators G was selected as the main experimental item. The optimal mixing intensities G, which are 65/sec for experimental discharge of $1m^3/hr$ and 85/sec for experimental discharge of $1.3m^3/hr$, are identified based upon the comparison the relative turbidity removal efficiencies. Also, the outlet weir loading was selected as the main experimental item in the sedimentation process. Through the continuous experiments with the main experimental items of the mixing intensity of flocculators G and the outlet loading of the weir in the sedimentation basin, about 20% upgrading compared to the existing water treatment capacity was obtained.