This study examines the social and artistic aspects of the Netherlands in the 16th century, focusing on the paintings of Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525–1569), a representative Dutch painter at that time. Also analyzed were the types and characteristics of each item of the male populace’s and nobles’ costumes at that point in the Renaissance. The results are as follows: most of the populace’s chemises do not have frills on the neckline and sleeves; the doublet has a loose body and sleeves overall; and the sleeves and armholes are fixed with sewing rather than being detachable, making the epaulet invisible. The neckline of the doublet usually does not have a collar, but it sometimes has a hood. In the case of trousers, most males are shown wearing waist-high stockings, and a piece of cord is visible. It seems that the populace’s coats were mainly Spanish-style capes. The 16th-century Dutch populace’s costumes are imitative—reflecting a desire to emulate the codpieces and hairstyles of the aristocrats—while providing individuality through hats and belts. In terms of practicality, it appears that a knife and pouch were used in various living environments. This trend can be seen as a reflection of populace’s perception of the costume at the time.

현대 경제사회에서 정부는 시장의 원활한 작동을 돕기 위한 룰의 제정이나 경쟁 촉진 뿐 아니라 소득 재분배, 나아가 시장 질서로는 해결하기 어려운 다양한 정책적 보완 활동을 한다. 그 중 가장 중요한 것이 민생경제의 원활한 작동을 지원하기 위한 공공서비스의 제도적 강구이고, 특히 금융생활에서 소외되기 쉬운 서민 대중을 포용하기 위한 금융지원정 책이다. 정부가 금융생활 정상화가 어려운 서민 계층의 금융생활 안정을 앞장서 지원하는 제도적 노력은 지원 대상이 되는 금융취약 계층을 위한 재생 프로그램이 될 뿐 아니라. 국민 각층의 성숙된 경제 환경을 조성하기 위한 필수적 인프라 역할을 하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 정부는 다양한 정책 자금을 활용하여 금리 등의 거래 조건을 지원함으로써 서민 금융생활의 어려움을 줄여주려 노력하고 있다. 서민 생활과 밀접한 관계가 있는 공공기관 과 금융회사를 통해 저소득 자영업자나 근로자 등 금융생활 소외계층을 대상으로 사업자 금이나 생활자금, 주거안정자금, 교육비 등을 저리로 빌려주거나 특례 보증해주고, 고금 리 대출을 저금리 대출로 바꿔주는 한편, 불입금에 일정비율의 액수를 더해 주는 매칭형 적금 상품과 소액 보험, 소액 신용카드 상품도 제한적으로 지원하고 있는 것이다. 현재의 서민금융지원제도는 대부분 대출상품 위주로 구성되어 있다. 그러나 대출은 서민 가계경 제의 구조적 결함을 메워주지는 못한고 경제적 자립의 기회를 놓치게 만들기 쉽다. 향후 의 서민금융지원제도는 부채의존형에서 저축지향형으로 바뀌어야 하며, 서민 계층의 생활 환경에 특화된 보험 기능과 안정성이 강화된 투자 상품 지원 기능도 보완되어야 할 것이다. 또한 정보 제공 및 지원 채널을 단순ㆍ일원화하고 금융교육과 상담을 의무화하여 올 바른 금융습관 조성에 집중할 필요가 있다. 정책당국은 금융소외계층의 생활 안정이 사회 적 갈등 해소와 건전한 시장형성으로 안정 성장의 기틀을 형성한다는 관점에서 무엇보다 도 먼저 예산 배분의 패러다임을 적극적으로 바꾸어야 할 것이다.

This study provides a descriptive and analytical account of major aspects of urban development and transformation of housing types of Italian Firenze from the 13th century to the 19th century. It is a typo-morphological depiction of urban spatial structure of the extraordinary city, Firenze, the center of Italian Renaissance. And this study has proceeded on the assumption that the evolving form of the urban structure and housing types cannot be understood without reference to the larger context of political, economic, and social life. Based on these backgrounds, the purpose of this study is threefold: to provide a comprehensive discussion of general characteristics of urban spatial structure of Firenze, and to explain the process of formation of working-class neighborhoods by constructing new city wall in later 13th century, and to discuss transformation of housing types of the working-class neighborhood with understanding the mechanism of existence of housing in the newly formed residential neighborhoods. The development of residential neighborhoods was pursued by 'planned' manner through forming square-shaped blocks, and characterized by the subdivision of larger properties into standardized building lots for the construction of houses. On the bases of documentary evidences, several ecclesiastical institutions are identified as the agents of a distinctive type of development. While the institutions did the major role for developing lands, the construction of houses was done by small scale construction agents with moderate amount of properties. The major housing type of working-class neighborhoods of Firenze has been the 'casa a schiera' characterized by the form of narrow front and long depth. The type was generalized by the newly formed middle and working-class of Firenze which grew their body very rapidly, Even though the type assumed very uniform in its fen there were many variations. And through passing time, the casa a schiera developed to be multi-family housing, and the level of variation became deepen. Eventually, transformation of housing type of Firenze was ended by appearance of the 'casa in linea', which was very similar to modern apartment in its spatial organization.