There were two books on astronomy published in 1908. One is 『Astronomy (天文學)』 written by Jeong, Yeong-Taek (鄭永澤, 1874 ∼ 1948), an educator. The other is 『Introduction to Astronomy (텬문략히)』 written by William Martyn Baird (裵偉良, 1862 ∼ 1931), an American missionary. It was known that these two books were translated into Korean as astronomical textbooks of the Korean Empire. We investigated the life of translators, the motivation of writing textbook, and the translators’ specialty in astronomy. We also compared the two books in terms of content, orthography of terminology, scale of units, and so forth. We suggest that these books were really utilized as textbooks of astronomy in the modern school in the early 20th century in Korea. We also conclude that in astronomy education these two textbooks bridged the gap between the traditional Chinese astronomy of the middle age and modern astronomy from the West.

이 연구의 목적은 중학교 천문 수업에 대한 과학 교사의 교수 실행에서 나타나는 시스템 사고를 분석하는 것이 다. 이를 위해 4명의 중학교 8학년 과학 교사의 천문 단원 수업을 녹화하였고 녹화된 수업은 모두 전사하였으며, 선행 연구의 시스템 사고 위계 구조를 수정하여 개발한 시스템 사고 분석틀을 적용하여 이들을 분석하였다. 또한, 수업 분석 후 참여 교사의 과학 수업에 대한 지향과 교수학적 생각을 심층적으로 분석하기 위해 비디오 자극 회상 면담을 실시하 였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다: 모든 참여 교사들은 천문 수업에서 시스템 사고의 위계를 제대로 반영하지 못하였으며, 낮은 수준의 시스템 사고만을 활용하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 교사가 학생 중심의 교수 지향을 지녔다 하더라도 시스 템 사고의 교수 실행은 교사 중심으로 진행되는 것으로 나타났다. 천문 수업의 교수 실행에서 시스템 사고가 부족하게 나타나는 것은 공간적 사고에 보다 집중하는 것과 지구과학 비전공 교사로서의 천문 내용 및 형성 평가 지식 부족 때 문인 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 천문 수업에서 효과적인 시스템 사고의 도입 방안을 논의하였다.

Astronomy is one of the interesting but difficult topics in science for elementary education. Therefore, it is interesting to create astronomy activities that children can understand clearly. The researchers developed activities by using astronomy and botany to improve writing skills. They have to glue the local owers on the star pictures then write the name of those owers, the name of the constellation and write an essay describing their work. The participants are into two groups. 71 3rd year undergraduate students who registered for teaching and are learning science as an elementary education subjec, and 10 1st grade student from the laboratory school of Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat university. We can conclude that both groups were more interested in astronomy, they can tell the name of local owers and not only used their imagination to create their work, but also to write great essays.

We have designed and built three cost effective observatories, in distinct models, which can house Schmidt - Cassegrain type small telescopes having aperture sizes up to 16 inches. Using the available small telescopes, we provided the people of Manipura State in the far north-east corner of India the opportunity to observe directly with their own eyes the rare, spectacular events of the solar eclipse of January 15, 2010, lunar eclipse of December 10, 2011 and the transit of Venus of June 6, 2012. Apart from sharing a platform with the public for astronomy education and popularization through public outreach programs such as workshops, seminars and night watch programs, we have also developed a laboratory infrastructure and gained expertise in observational techniques based on photoelectric photometry, CCD imaging, CCD photometry and spectroscopy. Our team has become a partner in the ongoing international `Orion project' headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, USA which will be producing high quality photometric and spectroscopic data for five stars in the Orion constellation, namely Betelgeuse (alpha Orionis), Rigel (beta Orionis), Mintaka (delta Orionis), Alnilam (epsilon Orionis) and Alnitak (zeta Orionis). In the present paper, the authors would like to give a detailed report of their activities for the growth of astronomy in the state of Manipur, India.

To accommodate today's higher education student, fewer textbooks are printed and more are becom- ing digital. Keeping with the modern era, hybrid versions of textbooks have all end-of-chapter assess- ment content moved to digital learning systems such as MindTapTM by Cengage Learningr. In this work, we introduce new pedagogical strategies to combat academic e-cheating, specifically cheating on assessments given in online astronomy courses. The strategies we present in this work are employed in Horizons: Exploring the Universe, Hybrid, 13th Edition, and Universe, Hybrid, 8th Edition, by Seeds, Backman, and Montgomery.

The Physics Outreach Unit at UNSW Australia contributes to the goals of the IAU's Commission 55 by collaborating with established institutions to improve public engagement with science. We aim to not only increase public awareness of astronomy but also ensure the benefits to society of our scientific endeavours are understood. We have found collaborating with like-minded institutions who are working in similar spaces allows both parties to make a larger impact than working alone. For example, our long-term collaboration with the Australian Museum provides the opportunity to engage urban and rural communities with science, audiences to which we do not normally have easy access. To increase our national presence we are exploring new relationships with other institutions, in particular the Astronomical Society of Australia (ASA), in hosting events such as public talks with eminent astronomers, star parties and astronomical workshops. These partnerships help build firm foundations for planning future events, in particular during the International Year of Light 2015.

As task force members, we present the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) and its task forces. Each task force calls for proposals every year and reviews the submitted proposals. From the point of view of "Astronomy for a Better World", the vision of the OAD, our aim is to reach diverse people including those such as the visually impaired. Our efforts meet one of the goals of the OAD and some OAD-funded projects.

In India, astronomy has been studied from the beginning of civilization. The word amateur means involvement in work for pleasure rather than as a profesion. So, amateur astronomers, in many places, prefer to be called non-professional astronomers. In India, the history of amateur astronomy is quite bright. From the Puranic age astronomy was studied for peoples' daily life. In Ramayana, Mahabharata, there is a lot of evidence of astronomical knowledge. Veda is the main source for studying the history of Indian astronomy. Today astronomy education, consciousness of astronomy education, sky observation, etc. are dependent on non-professional astronomers. Vigyan Prasar, an Indian Govt. organization, is trying to popularize astronomy throughout the country.