PURPOSES : The present paper is to compare vehicles' CO2 emissions in roundabouts and signalized intersections. METHODS : The present paper uses the SIDRA software with variables of traffic and road conditions. RESULTS : The results of the study are as follows : First, when entering traffic volumes are more than 1600pcph, vehicle's CO2 emissions in roundabouts are lower than those of signalized intersections regardless of the left turn ratio. Second, When entering traffic volumes are more than 2800pcph, vehicles's CO2 emissions in 2-lane approaches are lower than those of 1-lane approaches in signalized intersection. Third, when entering traffic volumes are more than 1600pcph, vehicle's CO2 emissions of CASE B are lowest. (CASE B is the condition with one exclusive left-turn lane and one exclusive straight lane and one shared straight lane with right-turn.) Also, CASE A is the condition that vehicle's CO2 emissions in roundabouts are lower than those of signalized intersections between 1600pcph and 3600pcph. (CASE A is the condition with one exclusive left-turn lane and one shared straight lane with right-turn.) But, when entering traffic volumes are more than 4000pcph, vehicle's CO2 emissions in signalized intersections is lower than those of roundabouts. CONCLUSIONS : It may be concluded that vehicle's CO2 emissions on roundabouts are much lower than those of signalized intersections, especially, when entering traffics volumes are between 1600pcph and 3600pcph in 1-lane or 2-lane approaches.

PURPOSES: The sensitivity of CO2 emissions per vehicle by a various speeds is compared according to the type of roads. METHODS: The methodology of the study are as follows: First, the sensitivity of CO2 emissions per vehicle are analyzed by averaged daily travel speeds. Second, the sensitivity of CO2 emissions per vehicle are analyzed by averaged hourly travel speed. Third, the sensitivity of CO2 emissions per vehicle are analyzed by sectional travel speeds. RESULTS: The sensitivity that on Saturday in a week, at peak times in a day and in close location from Seoul was higher than in other situations. CONCLUSIONS: From this study, we may conclude that CO2 emissions per vehicle at low speeds are generally more sensitive.

Most heavy metals are well-known toxic and carcinogenic agents and when discharged into wastewater represent a serious threat to the human population and the fauna and flora of the receiving water bodies. The present study aims to develop a procedure for Pb (II) removal. This procedure is based on using powdered activated carbon, which was prepared from walnut shells that were generated as plant wastes and modified with potassium carbonate and phosphoric acid as chemical agents. The main parameters, such as effect of pH, effect of sorbent dosage, Pb (II) concentrations, and various contact times influence the sorption process. The experimental results were analyzed by using Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption models. The kinetic study of Pb (II) on activated carbon from walnut shells was performed based on pseudo- first order and pseudo- second order equations. The data indicate that the adsorption kinetics follow the pseudo- second order rate. The procedure was successfully applied for Pb (II) removal from aqueous solutions.

The oxyfluorination effects of activated carbon nanofibers (OFACFs) were investigated for CO2 storage. Electrospun CFs were prepared from a polyacrylonitrile/N,N-dimethylformamide solution via electrospinning and heat treatment. The electrospun CFs were chemically activated in order to generate the pore structure, and then oxyfluorination was used to modify the surface. The samples were labeled CF (electrospun CF), ACF (activated CF), OFACF-1 (O2:F2 = 7:3), OFACF-2 (O2:F2 = 5:5) and OFACF-3 (O2:F2 = 3:7). The functional group of OFACFs was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The C-F bonds formed on surface of ACFs. The intensities of the C-O peaks increased after oxyfluorination and increased the oxygen content in the reaction gas. The specific surface area, pore volume and pore size of OFACFs were calculated by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and density functional theory equation. Through the N2 adsorption isotherm, the specific surface area and pore volume slightly decreased as a result of oxyfluorination treatment. Nevertheless, the CO2 adsorption efficiency of oxyfluorinated ACF improved around 16 wt% due to the semi-ionic interaction effect of surface modificated oxygen functional groups and CO2 molecules.

CO₂ and PM₁₀ in military barracks were studied using DustMate, Mini Vol. Air Sampler and DirectSense^TM PPC TG-502 Monitoring Kits in 2010. The distributions of CO₂ and PM₁₀ in the military base were strongly affected by soldier's behaviors as well as managements for the barracks. Before this study, the military site may fail to follow "IAQ Administration Law of Multiplex Utilization Facilities, ect." in terms of CO₂ and PM₁₀. After adopting advanced cleaning methods and ventilation system, the concentrations of CO₂ and PM₁₀ were maintained under the regulation, respectively. The distribution of CO₂ was related to the number and time of ventilation. In contrast, PM₁₀ was dependant on the soldiers' indoor-activities rather than ventilation. This study supported that management and education for barracks and soldiers plays in a role to control indoor quality of military facility.

In this work, graphite nanofibers (GNFs) were prepared by ammonia and heat treatment at temperatures up to 1000℃ to improve its CO2 adsorption capacity. The effects of the heat treatment on the textural properties and surface chemistry of the GNFs were investigated by N2 adsorption isotherms, XRD, and elemental analysis. We found that the chemical properties of GNFs were significantly changed after the ammonia treatment. Mainly amine groups were formed on the GNF surfaces such as lactam groups, pyrrole and pyridines. The GNFs treated at 500℃ showed highest CO2 adsorption capacity of 26.9 mg/g at 273 K in this system.

In this work, the CO2 adsorption behaviors of amine functionalized activated carbons (ACs) were investigated. The surface of ACs was modified with urea, melamine, diethylenetriamine (DETA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), polyethylenimine (PEI), and 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (ATPS). The various surface properties of amine functionalized ACs were characterized by Boehm's method, nitrogen full isotherms, XPS, and TGA analyses. The active ingredients impregnated on the ACs show significant influence on the adsorption for CO2 and its volumes adsorbed on amine functionalized ACs are larger than that on the pristine ACs, which is due to the grafted amine groups of the AC surfaces.

Carbon blacks could be used as the filler for the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were used as the matrix for the carbon black fillers. Porous carbon blacks were prepared by CO2 activation. The activation was performed by treating the carbon blacks in CO2 to different degrees of burnoff. During the activation, the enlargement of pore diameters, and development of microporous and mesoporous structures were introduced in the carbon blacks, resulting in an increase of extremely large specific surface areas. The porosity of carbon blacks was an increasing function of the degree of burn-off. The surface area increased from 80 m2/g to 1142 m2/g and the total pore volume increased from 0.14073 cc·g-1 to 0.9343 cc·g-1. Also, the C=O functional group characterized by aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters was enhanced during the activation process. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of raw N330 carbon blacks filled with PVA was about 1 dB and those of the activated carbon blacks increased to the values between 6 and 9 dB. The EMI SE of raw N330 carbon blacks filled with PVDF was about 7 dB and the EMI SE increased to the range from 11 to 15 dB by the activation.

The greenhouse gas emission according to the energy consumption is the cause of global warming. With various climates, it is occurs the direct problems to ecosystem. The various studies are being to reduce the carbon dioxide, which accounts for more than 80% of the total greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, estimate the carbon usage using potential biomass extracted from forest type map according to land-use by satellite image, and estimate the amount of carbon dioxide, according to the energy consumption of urban area. The CO2 adsorption is extracted by the amount of forest based on the direct absorption of tree, the other used investigated value. The CO2 emission in Jecheon was 3,985,900 TCO2 by energy consumption. At the land cover classification, the forest is analyzed as 624,085ha and the farmland is 148,700ha. The carbon dioxide absorption was estimated at 1,834,850 Tons from analyzed forest. In case of farmland, it was also estimated at 706,658 Tons.

1990년대 후반부터 사용된 폴리머 콘크리트로 제작된 맨홀은 이 맨홀이 가지고 있는 다양한 장점 때문에 현재까지 널리 이용되고 있다. 그러나, 고유가 시대로 접어들면서 석유화학 재료의 가격인상과 더불어 폴리머 콘크리트의 제조원가가 상승되고 이에 따른 폴리머 콘크리트의 약점이 대두되고 있다. 따라서, 고가의 폴리머 콘크리트로 제작된 맨홀의 뛰어난 휨강도를 대체할 수 있는 경제적인 시멘트 콘크리트 맨홀의 개발이 요구되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 비정질 칼슘알루미네이트 (Armorphous calcium aluminate, ACA)계의 속경형 시멘트기술을 기반으로 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그, 실리카 퓸, 메타카올린 등의 산업부산물을 이용하여 시멘트의 사용량을 최소화시킴으로써 CO2를 저감시킬 수 있는 친환경적인 맨홀용 고인성 콘크리트를 개발하고자 하였다. 연구결과, 경제적이고 친환경적이면서도 요구성능을 만족시키는 시멘트 콘크리트 맨홀을 개발하였다.