In the event of an emergency such as facility shutdown during process operation, the by-product gas must be urgently discharged to the vent stack to prevent leakage, fire, and explosion. At this time, the explosion drop value of the released by-product gas is calculated using ISO 10156 formula, which is 27.7 vol%. Therefore, it does not correspond to flammable gas because it is less than 13% of the explosion drop value, which is the standard for flammable gas defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Act, and since the explosion drop value is high, it can be seen that the risk of fire explosion is low even if it is discharged urgently with the vent stock. As a result of calculating the range of explosion hazard sites for hydrogen gas discharged to the Bent Stack according to KS C IEC 60079-10-1, 23 meters were calculated. Since hydrogen is lighter than air, electromechanical devices should not be installed within 23 meters of the upper portion of the Bent Stack, and if it is not possible, an explosion-proof electromechanical device suitable for type 1 of dangerous place should be installed. In addition, the height of the stack should be at least 5 meters so that the diffusion of by-product gas is facilitated in case of emergency discharge, and it should be installed so that there are no obstacles around it.

In this study, commercial activated carbons (ACs) were upgraded by different activation methods, and the gases generated during the activations were defined and quantified. The chemical activation commonly applied for upgrading ACs uses complex reactions, involving pyrolysis, physical, and chemical reactions. The ACs based on wood materials were characterized by elemental analysis, N2 physisorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry. The patterns and composition of the generated gases were analyzed by gas chromatography and X-ray diffraction; high-resolution scanning electron microscopy was also used to characterize the activated carbon. The AC was mostly decomposed to CO2 by pyrolysis and physical activation, while CO was mainly detected during chemical activation from the K2CO3 produced by the reactions between CO2 and K2O. The detected amounts of generated gases were differed at various KOH ratios and residence times. The highest surface area obtained in this study was 2000 m2/g at the optimum ratio of AC and KOH (1:2).

This study presents flowable fill material using collected CO2 byproduct, which prevents geotechnical sinking related to underground utilities in the vicinity of downtown areas. The physical and mechanical characteristics of calcium carbonate found using laboratory tests (the uniaxial compressive strength test, comparison of the shear base of dynamic behavior and restriction pressure, the freeze-thawing test) on 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days of the flowable fill were investigated and analyzed. The correlations of the unconfined strength, elastic modulus, flow, and w/c were suggested as evaluation indicators of the mechanical characteristics for the calcium carbonate flowable fill.

The paper deals with the impact of the product distribution and information technology sectors on energy resource use, carbon emissions and economic growth by examining the long-run equilibrium relationships and Granger causal relationships among these variables in South Korea. The quarterly time series data from the first quarter of 1970 to the third quarter of 2010 (163 observations) are collected and retrieved from the Bank of Korea database. The paper examines the long-run equilibrium relationships using cointegration techniques and Granger causality using vector error correction models. Test results indicate a long-run equilibrium relationship exists among these variables. In testing directional causality, both the product distribution and the information technology sectors show direct effects on economic growth but only marginal effects on carbon emissions.