An Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm(ACO) is one of the frequently used algorithms to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem(TSP). Since the ACO searches for the optimal value by updating the pheromone, it is difficult to consider the distance between the nodes and other variables other than the amount of the pheromone. In this study, fuzzy logic is added to ACO, which can help in making decision with multiple variables. The improved algorithm improves computation complexity and increases computation time when other variables besides distance and pheromone are added. Therefore, using the algorithm improved by the fuzzy logic, it is possible to solve TSP with many variables accurately and quickly. Existing ACO have been applied only to pheromone as a criterion for decision making, and other variables are excluded. However, when applying the fuzzy logic, it is possible to apply the algorithm to various situations because it is easy to judge which way is safe and fast by not only searching for the road but also adding other variables such as accident risk and road congestion. Adding a variable to an existing algorithm, it takes a long time to calculate each corresponding variable. However, when the improved algorithm is used, the result of calculating the fuzzy logic reduces the computation time to obtain the optimum value.

Feeding effects of the honeybee pollen products from both domestic, China, Spain and mixture of different origin on the colony development of earth bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L., were surveyed to evaluate efficient nutritional resources for commercial bombiculture in Korea. As the results, the domestic pollen was most effective to achieve high rates of oviposition (88%), colony foundation (70%), and queen production. While feeding with domestic pollens during the egg-laying period, and domestic+Chinese mixture (5:2) during the breeding period (Plot-2), it revealed high oviposition rate of 75%, colony foundation of 65%, and large numbers of adult queen production, indicating its suitability for generation subculturing. In the Plot-3, the same high oviposition rate (75%) was obtained except for feeding with the domestic+Chinese mixture (2:5) during the breeding period, which produced large number of workers.

Bumblebees are widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses and fields. Here, we investigated whether different sugar solutions have any effects on the oviposition and colony development of Bombus terrestris queens. The types of sugar solution used were a white sugar solution, brown sugar solution, dark brown sugar solution, and prepared sugar solution; all solution contained with a 40% sugar concentration and 0.3% sorbic acid. Among these sugar solutions, B. terrestris queens reared on the white sugar solution exhibited the best results; the rates of oviposition, colony foundation and progeny-queen production were75.0± 11.0, 33.0 ± 9.6 and 21.7 ± 7.3, respectively, which corresponded to 1.1-33.0-fold increases over the results of other sugar solutions. Queens reared on the prepared sugar solution did not found any colonies. The death rate within one month was lowest for the queens reared on the white sugar solution at 26.1 ± 10.9%, which was 1.2–2.0-fold lower than the rate for the other sugar solutions. Furthermore, the numbers of progeny produced by queens reared on the white sugar solution, 131.4 ± 38.8 workers and 51.0 ± 40.6 queens, were also higher, corresponding to 1.1-1.2-fol d increases compared to queens raised on the other sugar solutions. Therefore, the white sugar solution was the favorable sugar solution for the egg-laying and colony developmental characteristics of B. terrestris queens.

In this study, we examined the effects of porcine granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor (pGM-CSF) on in vitro development of porcine embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) at first time. The objective of present study was to verify effects of pGM-CSF on SCNT-derived blastocyst formation and evaluate gene expressions and qualities of the blastocyst formed after pGM-CSF treatment. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 using Duncan’s multiple range test. A total 522 cloned embryos in 6 replicates were treated with 10 ng/ml concentration of pGM-CSF during in vitro culture (IVC). It was demonstrated that treatment of 10 ng/ml pGM-CSF could increase blastocyst formation and total cell number in blastocyst significantly (p<0.05) compared to the control (12.3% and 41.4 vs. 9.0% and 34.7, respectively). However, there was no any effect on cleavage rate. It was found that the number of cells in the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) were significantly increased compared to the control (4.4 and 31.9, respectively) when cloned embryos were cultured with 10 ng/ml pGM-CSF (6.0 and 43.0, respectively). It was also found that treatment of 10 ng/ml pGM-CSF significantly (p<0.05) increased POU5F1 and Cdx2 mRNA expressions in blastocysts. In addition, Bcl-2 mRNA expression was found to be significantly (p< 0.05) up-regulated in blastocysts in the pGM-CSF supplemented group compared to the control. In conclusion, these results suggest that pGM-CSF may improve the quality and developmental viability of porcine cloned embryos by enhancing nuclear reprogramming via regulating transcription factors expression.

Bumblebees are widely used to pollinate crops in greenhouses and fields. Here, we investigated whether different wake-up treatments during a short period of 1-3 days just before indoor rearing has any effects on oviposition and colony development of CO2-treated Bombus ignitus queens and artificially hibernated B. terrestris queens The wake-up regimes were defined as 16L for 1 day (16L-1), 16L per day for 3 days (16L-3), 24L for 1 day (24L-1), or 24D for 1 day (24D-1). Among these wake-up treatments, the oviposition rate and preoviposition period of B. ignitus queens reared at 24L-1 were 16.7-25.1% higher and 1.0-3.5 days shorter than other wake-up treatments. B. terrestris queens reared at 24L-1 also showed the best results for egg-laying characteristics, which were 8.9-18.8% higher for oviposition and 0.6-3.5 days shorter for preovipostion period than other wake-up treatments. Furthermore, B. terrestris queens reared at 24L-1 were 17.5% and 13.8% higher in rate of colony foundation and queen production, respectively, than other wake-up treatments. These results show that the most favorable wake-up treatment just before rearing for egg-laying and colony developmental characteristics of B. ignitus and B. terrestris queens was 24L-1. Overall, our findings indicate that a wake-up treatment just before rearing was effective for colony initiation and colony development of bumblebee queens.

In order to select the superior lines of bumblebee queens(Bombus terrestris) in oviposition and colony development which has some characteristics of diapause with adult type, undiapaused bumblebee queens of 3rd generation were surveyed in room condition compared to queen treated with CO2 and artificial hibernation. Oviposition rate and preovipositional days of undiapaused queens was lower in efficacy with 46.7% and shows same trend in preovipositional days with 52.8 days than the other treatment with CO2 anesthesia and artificial hibernation with 60.0%, 86.7%, 26.1 days and 26.6 days respectively. In continuous experiment, we also surveyed ovipositional characteristic and colony development of three types of queens emergenced from undiapaused queens and treated queens with CO2 and artificial hibernation. Although undiapaused queens in 1st generation were more effective in the same condition than treated queens, but the undiapaused queens of 3rd generation emergenced from undiapaused queens of 2nd generation were very low trend in all checkpoints compared with treated queens in same generation. This results was shown that the queens treated with CO2 or artificial hibernation need to be in successive mass rearing continuously in the year round.

We investigated mating conditions about care temperature of queen before mating, mating period, and number of queen per mating cage to improve mating rate of Bombus terrestris. Among 19℃, 22℃ and 25℃, care temperatures of queen before mating, queen cared at 19℃ was more effective than those at 22℃ and 25℃ in death rate during care and mating periods, and colony development. In case of mating period, oviposition rate and preoviposition periods at queen mated during 3 days were 89.3% and 11.4 days, respectively, which was higher and earlier than those of queen mated during 5 days and 7 days. The rate of worker emergence, colony foundation and progeny-queen production at 3 daysmated queen were also 2.0-11.6% higher than those at queen mated during 5 days and 7 days. In number of queen per mating cage, the rate of worker emergence, colony foundation and progeny-queen production queen mated at mating cage with 10 queens and 30 males were 41.5%, 25.9% and 23.2%, respectively. These values correspond to 1.5-6.8 folds those queen mated at cage with 20 queens and 30 queens. Therefore, we supposed that care temperature favorable for B. terrestris queen was 19℃ and the period need to mating was 3 days, and the number of queen per mating cage (55× 45× 65㎝) was 10.

We compared colony development and survival rate after artificial hibernation between the bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, produced from domestic and foreign companies. The number of worker and queen produced from foundation colony of three domestic and one foreign companies was 232.4-270.8 and 62.0-181.8, respectively, but there was no statistical difference. in colony development of B. terrestris queens which were terminated diapause by CO₂ narcosis at different companies, oviposition rate, colony foundation and progeny-queen production of bumblebees produced from domestic companies were superior to those from foreign company. But foreign company in the number of worker and queen was superior to domestic companies. On the other hand, survival rate and colony development of B. terrestris queens, which were terminated diapause by artificial hibernation at three domestic and two foreign companies, were no significant differences. These results indicate that oviposition, colony foundation, progeny-queen production, and survival rate after artificial hibernation showed no differences between the bumblebees produced from domestic and foreign companies.

토종 호박벌(Bombusignitus)과 수입 서양뒤영벌(B. terrestris)의 냉장온도별 생존율과 실내사육에 의한 봉세발달을 비교 조사하였다. -2.5, 0, 2.5, 5등 4종류 냉장온도 중 호박벌과 서양뒤영벌 모두 2.5에서 생존율이 가장 높았으며, 냉장 3개월까지는 호박벌이, 냉장 4개월째는 서양뒤영벌의 생존율이 다소 높게 나타났다. 한산가스처리로 휴면을 타파한 여왕별의 봉세발달을 조사한 결과, 산란율은 호박벌이 72.5%로 서양뒤명벌보다 6.1% 높았고, 산란전기간도 17.4일로 7.4일 빨랐다. 일벌이 50마리 될 때까지의 봉군형성소요일수, 수벌 및 여왕벌출현소요일수 또한 호박벌이 각각 62.8일, 66.4일, 63.0일로 서양뒤명벌보다 2.1-29.5일 빨리 출현하였다. 그러나 일벌출현소요일수는 28.6일과 28.4일로 차이가 없었다. 반면에 우수봉군의 지표가 되는 봉군형성률 및 신여왕벌출현봉군율은 서양뒤영벌이 각각 14.2%, 13.6%로서 호박벌보다 3.8-5.7배 높게 나타났다. 성충출현수 역시, 서양뒤영벌이 일벌 104.2 마리, 수벌 317.9 마리, 여왕벌 27.1 마리로 호박벌보다 1.1-1.8배 많아 봉세 발달은 서양뒤영벌이 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

호박벌(Bombus ignitus)에 대한 탄산가스의 휴면타파 효과를 검토하였다. 65%, 99% 농도의 탄산가스처리 결과, 산란율은 무처리구의 50%에 비하여 65%와 99%의 탄산가스에 접촉시킨 시험구에서 각각 75%와 77%로 증가하였고, 첫산란소요일수 또한 무처리구에서 30일이 걸린데 비하여 65%와 99%의 시험구에서는 각각 18일과 17일로 단축되어 뚜렷한 탄산가스 처리효과가 나타났다. 그러나 65%와 99%의 시험구 간에는 차이가 보이지 않아 65-99%범위에서는 어느 농도의 탄산가스를 사용해도 좋을 것으로 생각되었다. 또한 탄산가스 최적 처리시기를 구명하기 위하여, 교미 후 1일부터 4일째까지 탄산가스를 처리한 결과, 산란성과 봉세발달이 교미 후 2일째가 가장 우수하여 최적 시기로 판명되었다. 그러나 호박벌에 대한 탄산가스 처리는 산란성과 봉세발달에는 긍정적인 효과를 보였지만, 차세대 출현수가 월동 여왕벌보다 적어 탄산가스 처리만으로는 상품성 있는 호박벌 봉군을 연중 생산하는 방법으로 부적당한 것으로 판단되었다.

갓 우화한 호박벌 및 서양뒤영벌 일벌, 우화 후 10-20일 된 서양뒤영벌 일벌, 서양뒤영벌 일벌과 수벌의 고치, 건조고치, 갓 우화한 꿀벌 일벌, 산란컵을 교미직후의 호박벌(Bombus ignitus)여왕벌 사육상자에 투입하여 산란촉진자로서의 효과를 비교 조사하였다. 갓 우화한 호박벌과 서양뒤영벌의 일벌을 산란촉진자로 사용한 경우 산란율이 각각 92%와 88%로 높았고, 생고치를 투입했을 경우에도 산란율이 60%이상으로 산란촉진자의 효과가 인정되었다. 우화 후 10일이 경과한 나이든 호박벌과 서양뒤영벌의 일벌이더라도 탄산가스에 30분간 접촉시킨 후 산란촉진자로 투입했을 경우에는 산란율, 봉군형성율, 신여왕벌 출현율 등 봉세발달이 갓 우화한 일벌을 산란촉진자로 사용하였을 경우의 봉세발달과 유사한 성적을 보여 우화한지 초래된 일벌도 산란촉진자로서의 가치가 있음을 확인하였다. 그러나 번데기를 죽인 건조고치, 꿀벌 일벌, 산란컵을 산란촉진자로 사용한 경우에는 산란촉진효과가 인정되지 않았다. 산란촉진효과가 높았던 서양뒤영벌 일벌을 산란촉진자로 사용할 경우, 적정 투입수를 알아보기 위해 갓 우화한 일벌을 시험구당 1마리에서 4마리까지 투입하였다. 그 결과, 산란촉진자를 1마리 투입한 구보다 2마리 이상 투입한 시험구의 봉세발달이 우수하였으며, 2마리 이상 투입한 시험구 간의 봉세발달에는 차이가 없었다.