Numerous studies have established a correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and water usage, identifying population as a primary independent variable in mid- to long-term demand forecasting. Recent dramatic sociodemographic changes, including urban concentration-rural depopulation, low birth rates-aging population, and the rise in single-person households, are expected to impact water demand and supply patterns. This underscores the necessity for operational and managerial changes in existing water supply systems. While sociodemographic characteristics are regularly surveyed, the conducted surveys use aggregate units that do not align with the actual system. Consequently, many water demand forecasts have been conducted at the administrative district level without adequately considering the water supply system. This study presents an upward water demand forecasting model that accurately reflects real water facilities and consumers. The model comprises three key steps. Firstly, Statistics Korea’s SGIS (Statistical Geological Information System) data was reorganized at the DMA level. Secondly, DMAs were classified using the SOM (Self-Organizing Map) algorithm to consider differences in water facilities and consumer characteristics. Lastly, water demand forecasting employed the PCR (Principal Component Regression) method to address multicollinearity and overfitting issues. The performance evaluation of this model was conducted for DMAs classified as rural areas due to the insufficient number of DMAs. The estimation results indicate that the correlation coefficients exceeded 0.9, and the MAPE remained within approximately 10% for the test dataset. This method is expected to be useful for reorganization plans, such as the expansion and contraction of existing facilities.

Cryopreservation of avian semen is a useful tool to preserve genetic resource for aim of preventing extinction induced by infectious disease like avian influenza. Unlike those of mammals, data from chicken cryopreserved semen has not been showed feasible results. So, various cryoprotectants and diluents have been examined in many methods. In this report, as a major ingredient of avian seminal plasm, glutamine was substituted by alanyl glutamine to enhance physiological stability of chicken semen during freezing. We studied effect of glycerol and Dimethylacetamide(DMA) on motility and progressive motility of spermatozoa using glutamine diluent(EK-G) or alanyl glutamine diluent(EK-A) condition. The semen of Ogye was collected twice a week by the dorso-abdominimal massage method and diluted with same volume of EK-G or EK-A at 25℃ and stored for 10 min at 4℃ in cold chamber. Glycerol or DMA was added to diluted semen to reached 7% of final concentration at 4℃. After 3min of equilibration, the diluted semen was packed into 0.25ml straws and subjected to cryopreservation used freezing equipment. The packed straw were placed on height 5 cm above surface of liquid nitrogen(LN2) and held for 10min. After preserved for 2 weeks, the straw was thawed onto the 4℃ cooling bath. The images of motility and progressive motility spermatozoa were recorded by digital image recorder and analyzed by manual. The results showed 68.5% motility and 34.1% progressive motility in DMA/EKA diluent, 31.45% and 17.6% in glycerol/EKA, 45.4% and 8.6% in DMA/EKG, and 9.7% and 6.4% in glycerol/EKG. With these results, the alanyl glutamine and DMA could be used as a main composition of diluent and cryoprotectant for cryopreservation of chicken semen.

In a mercury leaching test for waste using the Korean Standard Method (ES 06404.1), the pre-treatment process of an eluate is very complicated with a high possibility of contamination and low mercury recovery rate. It is also difficult to analyze multiple samples in a short time and the process generates experimental wastes. Accordingly, a direct mercury analyzer (DMA) applying thermal decomposition gold-amalgamation analysis has been recently used. The method shows a relatively high recovery rate for solid samples without complicated pre-treatment and it can be applied to both liquid and solid samples as the EPA method 7473 does. In order to use the auto-sampler in DMA for analyzing many elution samples from waste, this study checked recovery rates depending on acid solutions and additives during continuous analysis. The result showed a significant drop in recovery and precision except for an L-cysteine added sample. Considering commonly used acid-treatment of wastes, three types of acid solutions (nitrate, hydrochloric acid and sulfate) were chosen for analysis, and precision and accuracy were relatively high in nitric acid solution. It has been determined that accuracy and precision improved when 0.01% L-cysteine was added as an additive and this reduced the impact of continuous measurement. Therefore, during analysis of liquid samples or eluted samples using DMA continuously, introducing suitable additives is necessary depending on pre-treatment method in order to improve accuracy and precision in the analysis of mercury.

자외선/가시선 분광법에서는 수은을 황산 산성에서 디티존사염화탄소로 추출하고 브롬화칼륨 존재 하에 황산 산성에서 역추출하여 방해성분과 분리한 다음 알칼리성에서 디티존사염화탄소로 수은을 추출하는 복잡한 과정을 거쳐 490nm파장에서 측정한다. 반면에 고상･액상 시료를 직접 주입하여 분석하는 열분해 금-아말감 수은분석기는 분석시간과 전처리 과정에서의 오염 가능성을 줄일 수 있어 전세계적으로 전처리가 까다로운 퇴적물, 토양과 같은 고형시료에 널리 이용되고 있으며, 최근 국내 토양공정시험기준과 수질(퇴적물)공정시험기준에도 추가되었다. 그러나 이 시험법을 액상시료에 대하여 적용할 경우, 최대용량(200ul)을 주입하더라도 오토샘플러(Autosampler)내에서 증발 현상이 일어날 수 있어 회수율 및 재현성을 검토해 볼 필요가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 폐기물 용출시료를 가정한 액상시료를 대상으로 오토샘플러 거치시간과 샘플위치에 따른 수은 손실을 검토해 보았다. 각 매질별(3% HNO3, HCl, H2SO4) 10개의 시료를 오토샘플러에 동시에 거치하고 순차적으로 분석하여 연속 측정에 따른 영향을 살펴 본 결과, 대기 시간이 길수록 최대 43%까지 회수율이 떨어지고 매질별 재현성이 상이한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 10셀×10층=100개로 구성되어 있는 오토샘플러에 연속 측정을 할 경우, 편차가 2.84로 매우 큰 반면 한셀씩 건너뛰어 측정할 경우 1.70, 층별로 하나씩 찍을 경우 1.08로 나타나 오토샘플러 위치에 따라서 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 히터에서 분석완료된 시료보트의 열이 분석 전 대기 중인 시료에 영향을 미치쳐 수은이 손실되었기 때문인 것으로 판단된다.