Ti-Al-Si target and Cr-Si target are sputtered alternately to develop a multi-layered nitride coating on a steel mold to improve die-casting lifetime. Prior to the multi-layer deposition, a CrN layer is developed as a buffer layer on the mold to suppress the diffusion of reactive elements and enhance the cohesive strength of the multi-layer deposition. Approximately 50 nm CrSiN and TiAlSiN layers are deposited layer by layer, and form about three μm-thickness of multi-layered coating. From the observation of the uncoated and coated steel molds after the acceleration experiment of liquid metal injection casting, the uncoated mold is severely eroded by the adhesion of molten metallic glass. On the other hand, the multi-layer coating on the mold prevents element diffusion from the metallic glass and mold erosion during the experiment. The multi-layer structure of the coating transforms the nano-composite structured coating during the acceleration test. Since the nano-composite structure disrupts element diffusion to molten metallic glass, despite microstructure changes, the coating is not eroded by the 1,050 oC molten metallic glass.

Most commercial buildings among existing RC buildings in Korea have a multi-story wall-frame structure where RC shear wall is commonly used as its core at stairways or elevators. The members of the existing middle and low-rise wall-frame buildings are likely arranged in ordinary details considering building occupancy, and the importance and difficulty of member design. This is because there are few limitations, considerations, and financial burdens on the code for designing members with ordinary details. Compared with the intermediate or unique details, the ductility and overstrength are insufficient. Furthermore, the behavior of the member can be shear-dominated. Since shear failure in vertical members can cause a collapse of the entire structure, nonlinear characteristics such as shear strength and stiffness deterioration should be adequately reflected in the analysis model. With this background, an 8-story RC wall-frame building was designed as a building frame system with ordinary shear walls, and the effect of reflecting the shear failure mode of columns and walls on the collapse mechanism was investigated. As a result, the shear failure mode effect on the collapse mechanism was evident in walls, not columns. Consequently, it is recommended that the shear behavior characteristics of walls are explicitly considered in the analysis of wall-frame buildings with ordinary details.

Cu/PET composite films are widely used in a variety of wearable electronics. Lifetime of the electronics is determined by adhesion between the Cu film and the PET substrate. The formation of an anisotropic nanostructure on the PET surface by surface modification can enhance Cu/PET interfacial adhesion. The shape and size of the anisotropic nanostructures of the PET surface can be controlled by varying the surface modification conditions. In this work, the effect of Cu/PET interface nanostructures on the failure mechanism of a Cu/PET flexible composite film is studied. From observation of the morphologies of the anisotropic nanostructures on plasma-treated PET surfaces, and cross-sections and surfaces of the fractured specimens, the Cu/PET interface area and nanostructure width are analyzed and the failure mechanism of the Cu/PET film is investigated. It is found that the failure mechanism of the Cu/PET flexible composite film depends on the shape and size of the plasmatreated PET surface nanostructures. Cu/PET interface nanostructures with maximal peel strength exhibit multiple craze-crack propagation behavior, while smaller or larger interface nanostructures exhibit single-path craze-crack propagation behavior.

Reliability tools such as QFD and FMEA identify voice of customer related to product design, its use, how failures may occur, the severity of such failures, and the probability of the failure occurring. With these identified items, a development team can

Although many studies have focused on the biological and toxicological effects of phenol products, in particular, in reproductive tracts, the data about their effects in this estrogenic responsive tissue are much less clear. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo data concerning ED-adverse impacts in other endocrine organs, i.e. pituitary gland, are not understood well either. Thus, a further study is needed for providing a new insight into possible impacts of estrogenic EDs including phenol products in humans and wildlife. A combination of in vitro and in vivo system for examining EDs may bring better understanding into the regulatory mechanisms underlying EDs-induced events. In addition, this information may support for developing optimal screening methods of estrogenic EDs, in particular, phenol products.

본고에서는 국제합작투자 이론적 배경으로서 시장실패와 조직실패 위험의 상쇄(trade-off) 메카니즘에 대한 분석이 이루어졌다. 시장실패란 거래비용에 의한 정상시장거래(arms-length transaction) 실패를 나타내며 조직실패란 관료비용(bureaucratic costs)에 의한 내부화의 실패를 의미한다. 해외진입 방식으로서 라이선싱은 정상시장거래 형태이며 단독투자는 완전 내부화, 그리고 합작투자는 준내부화(quasi-internalization)의 형태로 볼 수 있다. 과거의 연구들에 있어서는 시장실패에 의한 거래비용이론에 기초하여 이들 거래통제구조, 즉 해외진입방식의 선택에 대한 연구가 주를 이루었다. 즉 시장실패 위험이 높을수록 정상시장거래 보다는 내부화 형태를 선호한다는 것이다. 그러나 시장실패 위험만 가지고서는 합작투자 당위성과 그 소유구조를 충분히 설명할 수 없다. 기업은 해외진입방식 선택시 시장실패뿐만 아니라 조직실패 위험도 고려할 것이다. 시장실패 시와는 달리 조직실패 위험이 높을 경우에는 기업은 내부화 수준을 낮추거나 정상시장거래 방식을 선호할 것이다. 문제는 시장실패와 조직실패 위험이 모두 높거나 낮을 경우에 기업이 취할 수 있는 대안이다. 이를테면 높은 시장실패는 기업으로 하여금 단독투자를 선호케 하나 반대로 조직실패 가능성은 시장거래방식으로서 라이선싱을 선호케하는 상황에 빠지게 한다. 시장실패와 조직실패 위험이 모두 낮을 경우에도 마찬가지이다. 따라서 기업은 시장실패와 조직실패가 모두 높거나 낮은 상황 하에서는 이 두 극단적인 대안 중 어느 하나의 대안을 고수하기보다는 양극단의 절충을 꾀하고자 할 것이다. 즉 거래비용과 내부조직비용을 어느 정도 통제하고 상쇄시킬 수 있는 합작투자가 합리적인 대안이 된다는 것이다. 요컨대 기업간 합작을 통해 한편으로는 시장거래에서 발생되는 거래비용을 어느 정도 낮출 수 있고 또 다른 한편으로는 내부조직비용도 반감시킬 수 있는 것이다.